seven years citizens of the United States," and "be inhabitants of the states in which they are chosen.' The pay of members of Congress is five thousand dollars per year and mileage at twenty cents each way to and from Washington.

The Senate is composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature, for six years. A senator must be thirty years old, nine years a citizen of the United States, and be an inhabitant of the state in which he is chosen.

The

The vice-president of the United States is president of the Senate; but the representatives choose their speaker. salary of vice-president is eight thousand dollars per year.

In cases of impeachment, charges are made by the House of Representatives; but the trials are had before the Senate. Congress assembles on the first Monday in December of each

year.

All bills of revenue must originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose amendments.

Every bill must have passed both the House and the Senate, and receive the approval of the president before it becomes a law. If the president objects to it, he returns it to the House in which it originated, with his objections. Then if two thirds of both Houses approve it, it becomes a law, without the signature of the president.

Congress has power to raise revenues, pay debts, provide for the defense and general welfare of the United States, to borrow money, to regulate commerce, to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, to coin money, to fix the standard of weights and measures, to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting, to establish post-offices and post roads, to encourage science and the arts by protecting authors and inventors in their rights, to constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court, to define and punish crimes on the high seas, and against the laws of nations, to declare war, to raise and support armies, to provide for the militia and its use, to exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia and the territories, and to make all laws necessary for carrying these powers into effect.

ARTICLE II.

"SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a presiIdent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

"Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in Congress; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector."

The duties of the president are to execute the laws of the United States, to command the armies, to make treaties, with the advice of the Senate, to appoint ambassadors, consuls, ministers, judges, and all officers not otherwise provided for. For details, see constitution.

The president's salary is fifty thousand dollars per year.

ARTICLE III.

"SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office."

The supreme court consists of nine members. There are ten circuits in the United States, and a judge in each. There are district courts, at least one in each state. There is also a court of claims.

These constitute the three great divisions of the constitution-the makers, the executors, and the judges of the law. They are so arranged as to be sufficiently independent of each other, and yet so related as to work harmoniously together and to hold each other in check.

486

AN ANALYSIS OF THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT.

The fourth article recognizes the relations of the states to the general government, and to each other, and makes provisions for the territories and new states. Amendments have been made from time to time, as they have been found needful.

This constitution, brief and simple as it is, has proved itself the wisest, profoundest and most practical instrument for the government of a free and intelligent people that has ever been made in this world. Apparently, it has left nothing out, and put nothing in that was not needful. It is worthy of the study of this great people of all the people- the frequent and oftrepeated study, that they may know by heart the great fundamental law of the nation. It should be their political bible, open on their tables always, for personal and family use. It has been incorporated into this book, and an analysis of it is given in this chapter, to put it into many families, to give it a wide reading and study, in connection with the lives of the great men who have executed it through the first century of its existence. It recognizes all the great principles involved in our government and institutions. It is the solid bottom rock on which they are all founded. It is simple, yet not weak. It is democratic, yet maintains the central power of the whole as a unit, with such force and dignity as to make it commanding over all the parts. It maintains the rights of the individual and the authority of the government with equal ease and force. It is almost a divine balance of these two factions; and in this consists its marvelous excellency. Under it, the states and individuals exist with equal freedom and protection-in what may be called a dependent independence.

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

481

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I.

SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

SEC. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.

No person shall be a representative, who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three,

Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

:

The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SEC. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years, and each senator shall have one vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.

The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation.

When the president of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without