In all European countries in which the state supervises the school system and regulates the appointment of teachers, laws are in existence which provide for the teacher's support in old age and in cases of disability. The Annual Report of 1894-95 gives detailed statements concerning amount of pension, time of service, age of beneficiary, etc., for European countries. (See Vol. 1, pp. 1079-1108.) It is held there that teachers being officers of the state are, as such, entitled to pensions, especially since their salaries are, as a rule, smaller than in this country. But in no case in Europe does the state bear the whole burden of maintaining the pension fund. The teachers themselves have to pay a small percentage of their salaries toward maintaining the fund. It is estimated that on an average a teacher in Germany contributes himself about one-half of what he subsequently receives in form of pension. Besides pension funds the governments in Germany, Austria, and a few other countries maintain funds for the support of widows and orphans of teachers. Mutual aid societies which also pay annuities are established by the teachers themselves in many of the cities of central Europe.

In the United States no teachers are pensioned from public funds. Voluntary beneficial associations have been formed in some cities, and in other localities specified below. State laws provide for similar ends in a similar way, the essential difference being that in the latter case participation is enforced upon all teachers. The following paragraph shows the varieties of organization, etc.:

Voluntary mutual benefit associations for temporary aid only exist in Baltimore, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo, San Francisco, St. Paul, and one interstate association. These call for $1 to $2 initiation fee; $1 to $5 annual dues. Special assessments of $1 are made in some cases. Benefits in sickness range from 50 cents a day to $10 a week; at death funeral expenses only are paid in some instances, and in others a sum equal to $1 from each member of the association.

Associations for annuity, or retirement fund only, are in New York, Boston, and Baltimore, and there is an annuity guild in Massachusetts. The initiation fees reported are $3 to $5. The annual dues are 1 to 14 per cent of salary up to $18 or $20. The annuity is from 60 per cent of salary to $600 a year. Time of service required for retirement is from two to five years with disability, or from thirtyfive to forty years without disability.

Associations for both temporary aid and annuity exist in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and District of Columbia. Initiation fees, $1 to $10; annual dues $5 to $40. Annuity, $5 per week to $600 per year, and $100 for funeral expenses in case of death. Temporary aid, during illness, $5 or $6 per week. Time of service required for retirement is two to five years with disability, or thirty-five to forty years without disability.

Pension or retirement funds are authorized by State legislatures for St. Louis, all cities in California, Brooklyn, New York City, Detroit, Chicago, all cities in New Jersey, Cincinnati, and Buffalo. Dues vary little; they are generally 1 per cent of salary. Annuity, $250 to one-half of salary; maximum, $1,200. Minimum length of service with disability, twenty to thirty years; without disability, twenty-five to thirty-five years.

FOREIGNERS IN UNIVERSITIES OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

The numbers given in the following summary are the latest available; they are for the scholastic year 1894-95.

A glance at the totals shows that the number of foreigners studying in Germany is not inconsiderable. It must be borne in mind, however, that the numbers given represent only those of matriculated students, for those are the only ones who can be considered in official reports. The number of those who visit German institutions as hearers for some length of time, and without being matriculated, attend clinics, work in laboratories, and listen to private lectures, is very large, but can not be stated with accuracy. It is estimated that that number exceeds those of matriculated foreigners. In the summer of 1895 the universities and other institutions of learning in Germany had upon their rolls the names of 3,362 foreigners. That is, in comparison to the total number of matriculated students, equal to 8.48 per cent. Of these 3,362 foreigners the universities proper had 2,015 (7 per cent), the polytechnica 1,041 (13.1 per cent), the veterinary schools 15 (1.53 per cent), the agricultural academies 101 (9.37 per cent), the forestry academies 58 (18.6 per cent), and the mining academies 132 (32.4 per cent). Of the 3,362 foreigners there were 966 Russians, 514 Americans, 467 Austrians and Hungarians, 346 Swiss, 180 Englishmen, 158 Hollanders, 142 Bulgarians, 116 Swedes and Norwegians, 82 Roumanians, 69 Italians, 57 Asiatics, 53 Frenchmen, 37 Servians, 36 Belgians, 36 Turks, 27 Greeks, 26 Danes, 22 Africans, 14 Australians, 8 Spaniards, 4 Portuguese, and 2 Montenegrins.

In the Austrian universities and other institutions there were matriculated 1,106 foreigners in the summer of 1895 among a total of 18,031 students, or 6.14 per cent. Of these 1,106 foreigners there were 987 (6.58 per cent) students of universities, the polytechnica had 84 (3.1 per cent), the mining academies 16 (7 per cent), and the agricultural academy in Vienna had 19 (7.66 per cent). The 1,106 foreigners consisted of 239 Germans, 236 Russians, 115 Servians, 111 Italians, 106 Americans, 76 Roumanians, 71 Bulgarians, 33 Turks, 31 Englishmen, 25 Swiss, 11 Greeks, 10 Frenchmen, 9 Hollanders, 9 Swedes and Norwegians, 8 Africans, 6 Belgians, 6 Asiatics, 3 Spaniards, and 1 Montenegrin.

The Swiss higher seats of learning matriculated no less than 1,667 foreigners among a total of 3,908 students. The percentage of foreigners here was 42.6. The universities alone enrolled 1,341, or 42.2 per cent, and the polytechnical school in Zürich 326, or 43 per cent, of a total number of the matriculated students. Of the 1,667 foreigners Germany had sent 549, Russia 399, Austria-Hungary 143, Bulgaria 137, Roumania 86, Italy 68, America 65, France 63, Asia 26, Holland 25, Turkey 22, England 20, Greece 19, Servia 17, Sweden and Norway 15, Denmark 5, Belgium 3, Portugal 2, Africa 2, Spain 1.

From these summaries it is seen that as far as attendance of foreigners is concerned, Switzerland ranks first with 42.6 per cent of the total number; then follows Germany, with 8.48 per cent, and lastly Austria, with 6.14 per cent. This does not, as has been said before, include the so-called free lances who attend these higher seats of learning only for a time and who, being without proper preparation, can not matriculate, hence can not be counted as students by the officers of the institutions. They have, as a matter of self-evidence, most of the privileges of the students by becoming the private students of renowned professors, and have access to the libraries, laboratories, experimental stations, and other accessories which are open to those who can pay the fees. In Germany it is the mining academies which are, comparatively, attended most frequently by foreigners (32.4 per cent), and the veterinary schools are attended least by foreigners (1.53 per cent). The proportion of foreigners in German universities has risen from 5.16 per cent in the year 1880 to 8.48 per cent in 1895. In Austria the school of agriculture in Vienna has the greatest proportion of foreigners, namely, 7.66 per cent, while the polytechnica have only 3.1 per cent. In Switzerland universities and the polytechnical school are attended by foreigners at about an equal ratio.

In France efforts are being made to invite foreign students, especially from America, to attend the higher institutions of learning of that country. Admission to these institutions has been made easier and the academic degrees which formerly were only given to French students have been made accessible. A communication of the United States ambassador to France, Gen. Horace Porter, to the State Department, dated January 11, 1898, in answer to an inquiry in regard to the admission of a student from the United States into the School of Mines, contains statements which are applicable to other higher seats of learning also. He says: "No foreign student can enter any of the schools of France-medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary, painting, design, architecture, music, declamation, engineering, etc.-without the formal application of the diplomatic representative of this country. In most cases two letters suffice, one making application, the