Samuel Rea of the Pennsylvania, Howard Elliott of the New Haven, Fairfax Harrison of the Southern, Hale Holden of the Burlington and Julius Kruttschnitt of the Southern Pacific. Upward of a thousand experts were in Washington most, if not all of the time, working without pay.

Among civilians in general an extraordinary amount of war work was almost immediately undertaken until eventually the entire population from coast to coast, men, women

and children, became engaged in it, small villages, large towns and great cities making it a supreme daily interest and source of endeavor. This work fell chiefly to five highly organized and efficient bodies, the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Knights of Columbus, and the Salvation Army. Henry P. Davison. who was chairman of the War Council of the Red Cross, issued early in September, 1917, a report concerning the activities of the society in Europe for the time since war was declared. It showed that since May 10 it had appropriated for work in countries of the Allies $12,339,681, this figure including all appropriations up to August 31. One of its most important undertakings in France was to combat the tuberculosis peril, 500,000 persons being afflicted with tuberculosis as a direct result of the war. For the relief of wounded and sick French soldiers and their families, $1,000,000 had been appropriated, and plans had been made to take care temporarily of destitute refugees, who numbered about 400,000. Appropriations made for use in Europe, outside of France, covering drugs and medical supplies, relief funds, and expenses, were: For Russia, $322,780.87; Roumania, $247,000.00; Italy, $210,000.00; Serbia, $22,500.00; England, England, $8,800.00;

HENRY P. DAVISON

Armenia, $600,000.00; other appropriations, $36,000.00. It was stated in the report that nearly a million Armenians had been massacred, or driven to privation such as resulted in death or were deported "into the desert regions where selfsupport was impossible"; that 500,000 Greeks had been deported; that in one town there had been a call "to provide for 10,000 fatherless children," and that 2,000,000 people in Western Asia had been saved from death only by the

THE RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS IN PARIS

Here, in the last year of the war, and for some time afterward, the American Red Cross in Europe had its principal headquarters. The building is known as the Hotel Regina, and stands on the Rue de Rivoli, at the Place des Pyramides. The statue represents Joan of Arc

constant aid of the Red Cross. Here were tragedies even greater than Belgium's. Serbia, with four-fifths of her army gone, and her civilian population "harried over the face of Europe," was another appalling picture. Everywhere the Red Cross was following hard on the track of ruin.

The activities of the Red Cross in 1918 had extended into

nearly all parts of the war zones of Europe and Asia and into new fields of effort at home. In France appropriations of $47,783,985 had been made to support a canteen service, provide equipment for hospitals, diet kitchens, hospital huts and convalescent homes; to rehabilitate the maimed and disabled; for food and shelter for refugees; for rebuilding devastated villages; for child-welfare work. In Italy work was begun at the time of the great crisis in the military situation of that country, after the battle of Caporetto. Appropriations of $16,964,048.40 covered the work of a little

more than a calendar year. In England appropriations of $10,820,250.62 were made. From September, 1917, to June 30, 1918, the expenditures in Belgium had been almost one and a half million dollars. By the end of the year 1918 they totaled $3,379,699. After the armistice was signed, Red Cross work was continued in Europe and at home. The pressing needs of the Balkan people were looked after by a special commission sent out from Paris by way of Rome to Saloniki and Athens.

Home service for the welfare of the families of soldiers and sailors was maintained. It extended sympathetic help

to more than 300,000 families at a cost of $6,000,000, and at an expense slightly greater than this sum it maintained 700 canteens along railway lines and distributed large quantities of comfort supplies, including more than 2,000,000 sweaters and 2,000,000 pairs of socks to men in camps and cantonments. The volunteer productions of women and children in chapter workrooms amounted to more than 290,000,000 articles for hospital, camp, and refugee-station use, including more than 250,000,000 surgical dressings. During

1918 the Red Cross enrolled for service more than 30,000 nurses and organized fifty base-hospital units. In France were 400 nurses serving civilian populations. The organization grew to a membership of 22,000,000 adults and 8,000,000 school children. One fund collected for it by popular subscription amounted to over $100,000,000; another reached more than $175,000,000. Besides these general funds, there were raised in towns and cities special funds with which to purchase supplies for local workers who were knitting socks and sweaters and making bandages.

When we entered the war, Y. M. C. A. leaders called for $3,000,000 with which to aid enlisted men during the summer of 1917; they received instead $5,000,000. Regular work developed so rapidly among camps and cantonments and with the increase in men called to the colors, that an appeal was issued in November, 1917, for $35,000,000 with which to provide for service, until July 1; the response was far over $50,000,000. By August, 1918, a much larger work had got under way overseas in maintaining “a moralebuilding influence," not only among the more than a million of our men then over there, but to meet requests from the French and Italian Governments and to provide for vast numbers of prisoners of war. On November 1 the Y. M. C. A. had over 6,000 war-work secretaries overseas, in addition to 3,000 in camps in America. In November, 1918, a United War Work Campaign was instituted to raise $170,500,000, of which $100,000,000 was for the Y. M. C. A., the remainder being for the Y. W. C. A., the Knights of Columbus, the Jewish Welfare Board and three other causes. result of the campaign was a fund of over $200,000,000. The Y. W. C. A. was concerned mainly with the welfare and morale of girls and women as affected by the war. It built 67 hostess houses in army and navy camps for white and colored and had 38 other houses under construction at the end of the war. It provided 10 emergency housing centers and opened 145 clubs and recreation centers; furnished 800 women war workers and organized 714 patriotic leagues with 420,000 members; started 25 international institutes for foreign-born women and created several industrial war centers. In France it operated 12 hostels for American women in war work, conducted 16 social centers for nurses in American base hospitals, furnished 15 foyers for French munitions workers, and directed five outdoor recreation centers for French women.

The

In camps at home and in trenches abroad the Knights of Columbus had about 450 secretaries and 44 huts, distributed at all points where there were American troops and at all debarkation ports. Club headquarters were maintained in London and Paris. Besides numerous well-equipped buildings in France, huts were opened at strategic points in Eng