ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XXI

PAYN to POLKA

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1911

AE
5
.E36
1910a
1121

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XXI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. G.

A. G. T.

A. H.*

A. H. C.

Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of Text Book on Classi-
fication of Flowering Plants; &c.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- Perne, Andrew.
1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

MAJOR ARTHUR George FreDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).

H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of The Chronicles of Newgate;
Secrets of the Prison House; &c.

Arthur George TANSLEY, M.A., F.L.S.

Lecturer in Botany in the University of Cambridge. Formerly Assistant Protessor
of Botany, University College, London.

ALBERT HAUCK, D.TH., D.PH.

Police.

Plants: Anatomy.

Professor of Church History in the University of Leipzig, and Director of the Museum
of Ecclesiastical Archaeology. Geheimer Kirchenrat of the Kingdom of Saxony.
Member of the Royal Saxon Academy of Sciences and Corresponding Member of Pilgrimage.
the Academies of Berlin and Munich. Author of Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands;
&c. Editor of the new edition of Herzog's Realencyklopadie für protestantische
Theologie und Kirche.

SIR ARTHUR HERBERT CHURCH, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A.

Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy of Arts, London. Author of Chemistry"
of Paints and Painting; English Earthenware; English Porcelain; &c.

ARTHUR HORSLEY HINTON (1863-1908).

Pigments.

Editor of The Amateur Photographer, 1897-1908, and the Photographic Trades Photography: Pictorial.
Gazette, 1904-1908. Author of Practical Pictorial Photography; &c.

A. H. H.

A. H.-S.

SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.

A. J. H.

A. J. L.

A. Ma.

General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak.

REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent

Persia: Geography and
Statistics.

Persepolis (in part).

College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of Plymouth Brethren (in part).
Mysore Educational Service.

Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St John's Physiognomy.
College. Author of Text Book of Human Anatomy; &c.