frauds in the export or importation of merchandize. As trading veffels and fhips of war, from all countries, water in this harbour, it may not be improper to mention the formalities that are used at their arrival, during their stay, and on their departure; especially as thefe are effential ceremonies, an ignorance of which often occafions quarrels among the commanders of merchant-men, and fometimes even among the confuls. Every fhip of war belonging to a Christian power, when about to drop anchor, receives a falute from the European veffels, which she returns according to the etiquette of the navy. When the has come to anchor, fhe waits for that of the citadel; which she cannot obtain without an express order from the governor of Nicofia, to whom a meffenger is immediately difpatched but he has power to refuse or to grant it, according to his own pleasure. It often happens that, when a con ful expects the arrival of a fhip of war belonging to his fovereign, he takes care to procure an order beforehand; and the veffel, as foon as fhe enters the harbour, is faluted by the citadel with a certain number of guns, which the returns. The captains of the fame nation then go and pay their refpects to their country-man; the conful's dragoman informs all the reft; the standard of their dignity is hoifted; and the conful, with his fuite, waits upon the commander, and congratulates him on his happy voyage. If the captain is invested with any title or mark of dignity, all the confuls go on board a barge deftined for that purpose, and hoift their colours at -the prow. This diftinction is unknown in the ports of Chriftian nations; but it has been introduced here, in order to render the confular digVOL. Le D nity nity more striking and refpectable in the eyes of the Turks. The conful and his attendants are received on board the veffel under a discharge of artillery; and the conful orders his cannon to be fired, in the like manner, as foon as he returns on fhore. If the captain wishes to land, and proceed to the town, the conful and all the foreign officers go on board, and attend him to the place where he is to lodge, which is generally the conful's palace. During his paffage he is faluted by his own veffel, and all the other European fhips. Foreign veffels are contented with hoifting their colours. This ceremony is performed only once. A merchant veffel cannot depart without permiffion from the captain of a fhip of war, if there be one in the harbour. The fame ceremonies, almost, take place on the arrival of a Turkifh veffel: the only difference is, that the confuls, instead of going in perfon to pay their compliments to the captain, fend their dragoman, or interpreter, accompanied by a janiffary. This is likewife the cafe with regard to the captain of an European fhip, who answers the falute, gun for gun, and is complimented only by a plain officer. If there be a Turkish ship of war in the harbour, no veffel can leave it without the captain's confent. Those who afk permiflion to depart, muft fupport their request by a few fequins: this is the only method of humanizing a Turk, and of obtaining from him what one wishes. Even European captains cannot avoid this impofition, except when under the protection of a fhip of war belonging to their own nation: in that cafe it is only neceffary to acquaint the captain that they intend to fail. The departure is as filent as the arrival is noify. The ceremonial between European captains is re gulated gulated by rank; but I obferved that the French and English, out of compliment, yielded up their right to each other in this respect. bF THE ANCIENT CITY OF CITIUM, AT PRESENT IN RUINS. ON departing from Salines, I proceeded towards Larnic, which is fituated to the weft. On my way thither I obferved an immenfe pile of ruins, the origin of which, from a curiofity very natural in the like circumstances, I was defirous of knowing. As we learn from Strabo and Ptolemy, that between Amathonte, at present the ancient Limaffol, and the promontory of Dades, called Cavo-Pila, the city of Citium was formerly fituated, I concluded that these were its ruins. It is therefore aftonishing that Stephen de Lufignan, forgetting thefe ruins, fhould place Citium in a neighbouring village named Citti. I faw nothing there that had the least appearance of the ruins of a city: he has probably been deceived by the name, which is not derived from Citium, but from the promontory called at prefent Cavo-Citti. These ruins then are, in my opinion, as I have already obfervD 2 ed, ed, those of the city of Citium; and I am the more inclined to this idea, as it coincides with the accounts of the ancient geographers. Having fallen by chance upon a defcription of Cyprus by Afcagne-Savornien, a Venetian gentleman, whose manufcript is in the excellent library of Dominico Manni, I found the following obfervations, under the article of Salines: "There "was formerly a city called Citium, the fituation "and veftiges of which may be ftill easily discern"ed. No unfavourable or difadvantageous emi"nence is to be seen in the neighbourhood; on "the contrary, there are fome fo favourable, that "a fortrefs might be erected on them, which "would command the town. This building would "coft very little; for there are materials quite "near on the ramparts of this ancient city. At "the bottom of the hill, where there was formerly a caftlet, the bason of the harbour may still "be perceived." From this information it might not be improper to correct thofe maps which have been formed according to the geography of Lufig 66 nan. * It is, no doubt, a matter of fome importance to determine the true fituation of this city, as it once was a place of great renown. The celebrated men whom it produced, and the fplendid actions of which it was the theatre, all concur to render it even at prefent an object of curiofity. Apollonius, the phyfician, was a native of Citium. Of this difciple of Hippocrates hiftory has preferved nothing but the name, that of his country, and the profeffion which he exercifed. The period at which he lived is even unknown. How many characters, highly celebrated at prefent, whofe exalted qualities fill the hundred mouths of fame, will in the like manner be loft in the abyss of oblivion; and leave behind them nothing but • Now destroyed. + Now a windmill. an an empty name, and the probability of their exift ing and preferving their former glory in a diftant futurity! Such examples are well calculated to humble the haughtinefs of pride and vain-glory. Citium was also the country of Zeno, the founder of the Stoics. This fect, as is well known, took its name from a portico at Athens, where this philofopher was fond of difcourfing. He was caft on fhore there by a fhipwreck; but this unfortunate event was the cause of his glory and he was often heard to blefs the winds which had driven him so happily into the harbour of the Pireum. Having compofed a book on the republic, he foon found himself furrounded by difciples. A very fingular circumftance determined him to apply to ftudy. Some oracle having defired him to fearch for the colour of the dead, he concluded that this was an allufion to the ufual palenefs of those who followed literary purfuits; he therefore gave himfelf up to them entirely, and became a follower of Crates. Zeno made true felicity to confift in a life abfolutely agreeable to nature and to reafon. His fucceffors, like the partifans of every system, improved on this wife maxim; and pretended that a virtuous man might be happy amidit torment, and the greatest misfortunes. They acknowledged only one God, who was the foul of the univerfe, which they confidered as his body; and both together they were a perfect being. To make the perfection of the Deity depend upon his union with a frail and perishable world, is doubtless a confmed and ridiculous notion; but fuch in general are the metaphyfics of the ancients-a mixture of fublime ideas, incoherencies, and abfurdity. It appears that this philofopher was a man of fome humour. His flave having one day robbed him, Zeno began to beat him; upon which the flave cried out, "I was deftined to rob." "And to be beat |