1880, pp. ccxvccxx (5 pages). 1879, p. cxcvi (Italian educators sent abroad to study school systems of other counpage). tries; education by religious orders, 16,000 priests and members of religious orders being engaged in teaching in Italian schools. Statement in tabulated form of illiteracy in 1861-1871, and of elementary schools and pupils from 1861-1879; of adult schools, female boarding schools, etc. This is prefaced by a statement regarding the present constitution of Italy, the fundamental law of public instruction, teachers' salaries, and the school budget. 1881, p. cclviii Bill (of November 12, 1881) introduced to enforce school attendance of (7 lines). persons 14 to 16 years of age. 1882-83, pp. Statistics presented in tabulated form of schools, both private and ccxxv-xiv (3) pages). public, for 1861-1881, with appropriations from 1871-1873, and a comparison made with other countries of Europe as to amounts appropriated; references are made to school law of 1877, which made instruction obligatory, and the number of communes carrying out the law are indicated. 1883-84, P. Presentation of statistics for 1881-82, in which it is shown that out of cexxvii (1 page). 1,735,185 pupils registered only 232,929 presented themselves for examination, and only 166,185 passed satisfactorily. Reasons: Poor quality of teachers, poverty of people. Contents of circular of October, 1882, include examination from grade to grade, pupils graduating from third grade to attend evening school for a year, school inspectors to furnish annual list of children of school age to syndic, etc. pages). 1884 85, pp. Statistics for elementary schools are presented from official reports cexe-cexcii (24 for 1882-83, the second and higher schools for 1883-84. The length of the course of study in most institutions is given. The expenditures by State, provinces, and communes for elementary education are also presented. Illiteracy (in 1881) in different parts of Italy is also indicated. 732. 1885-86, pp. 726- Statistics: School age; population; enrollment in elementary schools; teachers; normal schools; expenditures; university statistics. 1886-7, pp. 978, Statistics of educational periodicals: Number of volumes, date of issue, how often published, price. Elementary statistics (as above): Name and title of chief officer of education. 1000 1004. 1010, 1014-1018. 1887-88 PP. Educational periodicals tabulated as above; statistics for 1881-85 of elementary and normal schools. 1888-89, Vol. I, pp. 182-195; Vol. Il, pp. 1112-1144. 1839-90, Vol. I, pp. 551 555, 561572; Vol. II. pp. 981, 1200, 12271228, 1672, 1673. 1890 91, Vol. I, pp. 319 339, xviiiXXX, 369 372, 433. Course of study in normal schools; population and enrollment; ele- The report for 1890-91 contains an essay on education in Italy by Prof. A. Oldrini, with supplementary matter by Signor Commendatore 454, Vol.11, p. 743. Bodio, the director of the statistical bureau in Rome. These essays on education in Italy include information concerning illiteracy-courses, percentages: Kindergartens, primary education, progress of schools since enactment of law for compulsory education in 1877. Secondary education (ginnasi and licei, technical schools and institutes): Rural, agricultural, industrial, and normal schools. Superior and special instruction: Universities, programmes and pending reforms, special schools and acadamies, academic institutes. Fine arts; libraries; the press; budget of public instruction in 1889-90. Information supplementary to above: Illiteracy in 1891 by territorial subdivision; infant schools; elementary education in 1871-72, in 1881-82, and in 1891–92; normal schools; secondary schools; statistics for different years; education of women; agricultural education; industrial, professional, and commercial education. Superior and special studies; academies of science and literature, fine arts, museums, antiquities, national monuments, libraries with statisties to 1890–91. Publications according to subject-matter. General provincial and municipal school administration. Maintenance and expenditure for educational institutions in 1889. Statistical presentation of youth below universities, in clementary, secondary, and higher schools, with percentages; expenditures per capita of pupils and population. Legal education, with statistics of law schools. Growth of the kindergarten. No information from Italy. 92. An. Rep. 1831 An. Rep. 1894 Statistics tabulated: Elementary, normal; expenditures. Monograph on public instruction in Italy, by Prof. B. A. Hinsdale, 93, p. An. Rep. 1893 Topical outline: Unification of Italy; summary and conclusion; 94, pp. 325-383. educational conditions in 1861; general political facts; the Casati law, and the administration of public instruction; description and statistics of different grades of schools, from kindergarten to university and special schools; the school supply; teachers; financial status; public schools of Rome during twenty years; warfare against illiteracy. CHAPTER IX. EDUCATION IN RUSSIA.' [The Russian educational system was presented in entenso in the Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1890-91, pp. 195-262. For details reference is made to that report.] Material consulted.-Hypu Munteтеperва pouагo pвmeniя, 1894.-Przeglad Pedagogiczny, 1894.-Sur l'éducation examinée dans ses rapports respectifs : religieux, moral, intellectuel et physique, par M. Cyrille Janovsky, curateur de l'arrondissement du Caucase.-Instituts pédagogiques, comme établissements destinés à préparer des maîtres pour les écoles secondaires, par M. Cyrille Janovsky.-Sur le développement individuel des élèves dans les établissements d'instruction en général et les écoles secondaires en particulier, par M. Cyrille Janovsky.-M. Kovalevsky in "Addresses and Proceedings of International Congress of Education, Chicago, 1893."-Larousse: Dictionnaire universel.-Buisson: Dictionnaire de Pédagogie et d'Instruction primaire.-Histoire de la Russie, par Alfred Ramband.-La Russie (Revue Encyclopédique), 1891.--Bericht über den Stand des Unterrichtswesens, 18791884.-Encyclopaedie des Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesens, von K. A. Schmid.-Die Reform der russischen Universitäten nach dem Gesetz vom 23. August 1884.-Russia, by Mackenzie Wallace.-The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, by LeroyBeaulieu.-Reports (from Russian Section of Chicago Exposition): Empress Marie Institutions; Ladies' Patriotic Society; Schools for the Blind; L'Oeuvre de la Femme à Moscou.-Revue Internationale de l'Enseignement, janvier 1895.-Pædagogium, April, 1894.-Allgemeine deutsche Lehrerzeitung, September 23, 1894.-Statesman's Year-Book, 1894 and 1895. Population and administration.-Absolute hereditary monarchy: Area, 8,660,282 English square miles, or one-seventh of the land surface of the globe. Population (in 1893), 118,014,187; European Russia, 99,553,024. Urban population for all Russia, 13,972,643; rural population, 102,016,800; in European Russia, urban, 10,505,700; rural, 77,648,200. Capital, St. Petersburg. Population (in 1892), 1,035,439. Minister of public instruction, Count Delianow; procurator of the Holy Synod, M. Pobiedonostzew. The legislative, executive, and judicial power is united in the Czar, whose will alone is law; the administration of affairs in the Empire is intrusted to four councils, namely: (1) The council of State, established in its present form in 1810, and whose chief functions are to examine the proposed laws submitted by the ministers and to discuss the budget and expenditures; (2) the Ruling Senate, established Prepared by Miss Frances Graham French, specialist in the school systems of northern and eastern Europe. School system presented at close of this chapter. 2 Includes Finland. ED 94-25 in 1711, with functions of a deliberative and executive character; (3) the Holy Synod, established in 1721, which superintends the religious affairs of the Empire; (4) and the committee of ministers, eleven in number, who superintend affairs in their own special departments of the public service. The Empire is divided into general governments (or vice-royalties), governments, and districts. In European Russia there are 68 governments and 635 districts; in Asiatic Russia, 4 general governments (Caucasus, Turkestan, the Steppes, the Amur), with 16 governments, 13 territories, and 3 districts. A governor-general, representing the Czar and controlling both military and civil offices, is at the head of each general government; a civil governor and a council of control (a military governor in frontier provinces) aid in the administration of local affairs; the mir,' a village community system, prevails in European Russia and in some parts of Siberia; the voloste, or cantons (a union of village communities), have their affairs presided over by an elder, elected at the cantonal assembly, which is composed of the delegates of the village community in proportion of one member to ten households. The zemstvos, governmental and district assemblies (composed of representatives elected by peasants, householders in towns, and landed proprietors), administer the economical affairs of government and district to some extent and supplement the acts of the rural community. Cities and towns have municipal organizations with similar power. 3 STATISTICAL DATA. Viewed from the scholastic side, the Czar's dominions are divided into 14 educational districts, namely, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Orenburg, Kharkoff, Odessa, Kieff, Vilna, Warsaw, Dorpat, Caucasus, Turkestan, West Siberia, and East Siberia. Each of these districts or circuits has a curator in charge, whose jurisdiction extends over all branches of instruction; the centralization of control at St. Petersburg is portrayed on page 391. The statistics relative to education in Russia are difficult to obtain, the educational authorities of the districts of Caucasus, Turkestan, and the Grand Duchy of Finland being the 6 1The affairs of the mir are discussed and regulated in general assembly of all the heads of families. Each mir elects its own elder as executive to carry out its decisions. European Russia has 107,493 of these communities. 2 During the years 1883-1894 the zemstvos existed in 361 of the 635 districts of European Russia. A law of 1894 reduced the power of the municipal government and placed it almost entirely under the governors nominated by the Czar. 'In Caucasus, in 1892-93, according to the report of the school administration, there were 19 lyceums, gymnasia, and realschulen, 5 normal schools, 16 lyceums and gymnasia for girls, with a total of 11,338 pupils (6,737 boys, 4,601 girls); 36 town schools, 7,052 pupils; 7 professional and 3 naval schools, with 740 pupils; 5 schools for mountaineers (595 boys); 89 private schools, with 2,828 boys and 979 girls; 914 elementary schools (46,889 boys, 12,869 girls); 147 Armenian schools; 434 various schools; 1,866 Massulman and Jewish schools. →Turkostan had, in 1893 (exclusive of Mussulman schools), 2 gymnasia (1 boys' and A guls'), 1 teachers' seminary, and 87 various schools (11 for girls and 38 mixed), leaving a total of 258 teachers and 4,124 pupils (1,361 girls); 260 children were taught trades theto were besides evening classes for the natives (400 pupils), and village schools were opened in 51 Russian villages out of 79. Some schools in towns are for Na araus and natives alike. Statistics of Finland at close of this chapter on Russia. |