only ones who have published detailed information since 1887. Dorpat-now called Zurier or Jurjew-an advanced educational center, does not present educational information outside of its university work. More than this, the data which reach the general public of other nationalities, through French, German, and English sources, present the various grades of instruction for different years, and hence it seems necessary to formulate estimates. According to statements made in the last decade by the minister of public instruction, the school system comprises elementary or people's schools (narodnoe-uchilis-ché), secondary, higher, and special schools. As the tabulated elementary statistics are for 1887 and those for secondary and higher institutions are in part for 1890, 1891, and 1893, an estimate is made, based upon a population of 97,500,000, as an average for these years, and with estimates of pupils of the different grades. Thus one finds in schools below the universities 2,457,921 students, or 2.5 per cent; in elementary schools, 2,243,566, or 90 per cent of the whole number enrolled; in secondary schools, 214,355 students, or 8 per cent. The universities have 13,870 students, an increase of 3,510 since 1884; in special schools are 4,627 pupils. Taking the whole population of the Empire, or 118,014,187, then the ratio of enrollment in elementary schools is 1.90 to the entire population, while only 20 per cent of the recruits are able to read and write. The ratio of children in and out of school in 1875 and in 1888 are thus approximated in the Rouski calendar and other semiofficial documents:

Presenting the elementary schools under their various subdivisions. there are the parish schools, one of which is supposed to be established in each parish, and the district1 schools (uyezdnoe-uchilis ché), one for each administrative district, and the city or town schools, with one school to every 1,000 inhabitants. Then there are the schools controlled by and reported upon by the Holy Synod, which formulates its own programmes and charges tuition fees to pupils who are not of the Orthodox-Catholic faith. These and a few other groups were reported as follows by the minister of education (or of popular enlightenment) in 1887:

These are higher grade elementary schools which are gradually being transformed into urban schools; that is, graded schools.

2 To 1,000 inhabitants there are about 50 children between 8 and 10 years of age.

a Classed under elementary schools are Sunday schools for adults, and in outlaying sections there are ambulatory schools, the teachers of which after a few weeks' instruction move to other places. In the lower elementary grades girls and boys are often educated together, but girls of a higher class of society receive their earliest education at home. Lower grade technical schools rank with the elementary grades. The State elementary schools are open to all classes-ranking first in point of attendance are the schools in charge of the zemstvos, next those in charge of the communes, then those directly under the control of the ministry. Figures for Dorpat (Jurjew) educational district wanting.

This office has no means of ascertaining the reason for the discrepancy between the sum of the several items and the totals printed beneath them.

In European Russia there is one elementary school for every 2,500 inhabitants; in Siberia one for every 3,345 inhabitants (1,446 schools and 49,118 pupils).

The elementary schools of the Empire are maintained by the State, which accords to village schools about 14 per cent of the amount of its school expenditures by the zemstvos, which give 17 per cent for education of the aggregate expenses of the zemstvos (amounting to $2,648,3471 for education in 1887) and by the communes or mirs. According to an annual statement of the financial budget, revised by the "Central Administration" and presented in the Statesman's Year Book for 1895, the schools of the Holy Synod in 1892 received $613,252 1 from the imperial budget, while the synod itself contributed $2,412,073.1 But these amounts doubtless include what is intended for both the secondary and elementary grades under the control of the synod, their numbers not being specifically stated. Assuming, however, that the $613,252 was only intended for elementary pupils, it would give $1.17 per capita of enrollment as the State contribution for synod schools.

The total amount contributed for elementary education by the different ministries in 1894 was $2,543,475, but as the pupils in the various

These computations are made on the basis of 35.3 cents to the ruble, silver being the nominal standard.

It is well to state here that the greater proportion of educational institutions are controlled by the minister of public instruction and receive the State funds through that medium. But attached to the ministry of war are military schools, schools of civil engineering and artillery, cadet schools, and military gymnasia for the sons of officers, schools for engineers and subofficers, topographical and pyrotechnic

schools connected with these ministries are not reported, nor the amount contributed by zemstvos or mirs, it is impossible to state the whole amount expended per capita of population or enrollment with any degree of accuracy.

However, if one takes the enrollment in the elementary schools as presented in the table one finds $1.13 to be the per capita as given by the State.

The secondary schools, including gymnasia, progymnasia, real schools (realnaya skhola), and institutes for girls are maintained by the State, which contributes 25 per cent of the aggregate expenditure, about 30 per cent of the remainder being made up by fees and the rest by grants from the zemstvos and municipalities. The universities are maintained in part by the State and in part through funds accruing from tuition fees, donations, etc. The amount contributed by the ministries in 1894 was $6,910,401 for secondary schools, or $32.19 per capita of enrollment, and $2,574,948 for universities. For the total number of pupils reported in all grades of instruction the per capita of population was 12 cents-that is, if the State contribution simply includes the amount given by the different ministries, $14,642,076, with the population 118,014,187 taken as a basis.

Statistics of schools above the elementary grades are here presented for the years indicated:

Secondary, higher, and professional education for 1890, 1891, and 1893.

schools (namely, where bombs, grenades, etc., are made), institutions from which the corps of pages graduate (sons and grandsons of generals only being admitted), schools of law, and the imperial lyceums of St. Petersburg and Moscow. Technical schools, of both elementary and secondary grades, are connected with ministries navy and public works. The ministry of the imperial household has charge schools training for the dramatic profession.

The Stare maintains only 1 selge 1 5oz 9.075 inka itants in the gov ernments where there is no zemstre, 1 be 4.55 Labitants in the territorial saldinsions which have a zemstvo, and 1 for 13.116 inhabitants in the Bulti - petraves, so that it will be easily understood that the cemstvis are the principal source of maintenance 5 r the public schcels. The governments where there is no zemstvo furnish about 69 per cent of the total finds ir elacation.

Serving to complete the school systein are many special schools, mest ef which are estallishments of the State. Among them are polytechzie schools, forestry schools, institutions for the study of mining, bridge and read making, schools of veterinary surgery, the institute of oriental languages, lyceum of jurisprudence, naval and military schools of a gher and lover grade. The centralization of authority over these schools is 5 und at St. Petersburg,

Among the special schools- the Polytechnicnm, at Riga, reported 50 professors in 1892-93 and 949 students. Studying rural economy were 139; chemistry, 293; school of engineering. S; school of mechanical engmeers, 261; of architecture. 26: of evamerce. 144. Seventy-five students obtained final diplomas. The expenditures for the polytechniewn were $141,798.

The Imperial Academy of Meleine miktary, according to a late dec son, only adunts pupils to its second class who are provided with a diploma Best e'iss received at the State examinations in physics and chemistry, Of 278 candidates for admission in 1894 only 145 were suitably prepared. Two candidates having the requisite diploma entered the secord class at once. T's academy, leated at St. Petersburg, has 21 ordinary" professors, 11 extraordinary." 67 private docents, and an extensive corps of other officials connected with it. Among its docents are specialists in anatomy, physiology, histology, and legal medicine.

The Historico-Philological Institute, established at St. Petersburg, a sort of normal school to prepare teachers for secondary establishments, had 70 pupils in 1894, most of whom received stipends from the Government. In the last year of the course they have exercises in practice teaching, and are expected to give instruction in the gymnasial classes connected with the institute. At the close of the year 1893–94, 6 pupils obtained graduation diplomas, 2 for history and 4 for the clas sies. All were provided with positions.

LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR AND AGES OF PUPILS.

The length of school year is not specified for the schools of elementary grades, but a general statement is made by the authorities reporting in regard to education in Russia that the common schools are never

1Auszug aus den Berichten an Seine Majestät den Kaiser über den Stand des Unterrichtswesens in den Jahren 1879 1881. St. Petersburg, 1888.

* See Revue Internationale de l'Enseignement, janvier 1895.

closed except for the summer holidays, i. e., from May 25 to August 20, on Sundays, and other public holidays.

In the secondary schools, or gymnasia, the school term is from August 16 or thereabouts to the middle of June. The holidays include a fortnight at Christmastide, the same at Easter, sixteen church holidays, and Sundays.

The ages of pupils throughout the different grades of schools are not definitely stated in any of thy authoritative documents cited, but the city schools are, generally speaking, for pupils between 7 and 12 years of age.

At 10 years boys are presumed to be prepared for the gymnasia, and at from 10 to 11 years of age girls enter the institutes. In the military schools instruction commences with the tenth year. The gymnasial student is supposed to be prepared for entrance into the university at 18 years of age.

GENERAL SUPERVISION OF SCHOOLS.

As is stated by Jean Fleury,' lector in the University of St. Petersburg, and by Gustave Lejeal, the school system of Russia is essentially under control of the State. In each of the 14 educational circuits a curator has extended jurisdiction, and he reports in regard to all educational institutions of the circuit to the minister of public instruction in St. Petersburg, and he in turn to the Czar. The minister, as the central authority, is aided by a scientific council whose duties include the adjustment of questions appertaining to elementary education. A special division in the ministry has charge of technical and industrial schools, and connected with the ministry is a board of examiners to investigate the qualifications of persons desiring to teach who may not be graduates from training schools. As aids to each curator are one or more governmental or district inspectors; then there are school councils to look more closely after local educational interests. In governments where there is no zemstvo the directors of the gymnasia have general control of schools. The gymnasia and progymnasia are under the immediate jurisdiction of the curator, whether these establishments are for girls or for boys. In this grade of schools for girls the directress is appointed by the curator and confirmed by the minister. The gymnasia for girls have also administrative and pedagogical councils, the latter composed of the director of the boys' gym

1See Buisson: Dictionnaire de Pédagogie et d'Instruction primaire. 2 See Revue Encyclopedique, décembre 1891: La Russie.

The council of administration is composed of persons of both sexes chosen by the corporations and societies supporting these schools; their duties are to choose a curatress and directress to examine as to requisite resources, to watch over the expenditures, to regulate employment of amounts allowed to the school, to limit tuition fees and indicate when there should be exemption therefrom, and to have general charge of the institution. The pedagogical council chooses the teachers, who are confirmed in their position by the curator of the district.