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South Dakota Agricultural College.-Forestry follows the work in botany and horticulture, extending through two terms of the junior year. The work in this department consists of lectures upon the propagation and planting of forest trees in groves and along streets; the value of shelter belts; the influence of forests upon wind and rainfall, followed by a study of the habits and characters of trees best suited to South Dakota. The lecture work is supplemented by practical work in the forest plantation upon the college grounds.

Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.-The management and planting of woodlands; consideration of the rôle they play in the economy of nature. Hough's Elements of Forestry, and North American Sylva, by Michaux. (Fourth year, winter term.)

Agricultural College of Utah.-Forestry will receive considerable attention. Students will have opportunity to work upon the forestry grounds of the college and to note methods of planting and care of the several kinds of trees, and to observe their habits and rapidity of growth.

Washington Agricultural College and School of Science.-The nursery already affords a large variety of trees from which the arboretum will be formed and the campus ornamented. This will afford the opportunity for the study of a large number of varieties, their habits of life, the best methods of cultivating forest trees, and making tree plantations. The attention for the present will be directed rather to the creation and preservation of young forests than to the care of old forests, though some lectures will be given upon the latter and collateral readings required.

CHAPTER III.

GEOLOGY IN THE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

By T. C. HOPKINS.

The subject matter of the following notes and statistical tables on geology in the colleges has been obtained from the following sources: (1) The replies received from a circular sent out by the Bureau of Education to the different colleges; (2) the college catalogues, circulars, and announcements; (3) personal correspondence aud interviews; (4) special contributions from other geologists. Prof. J. F. Kemp, Columbia College, New York; Mr. L. S. Griswold, Harvard University, Massachusetts; Mr. J. A. Bownocker, Yale University, Connecticut, and Mr. C. E. Siebenthal, Indiana University, Indiana, kindly contributed the articles on those institutions. Prof. G. D. Harris, Cornell University, contributed information from that institution. The material is arranged alphabetically by States and by the locality of the college, except, that in the descriptive part, the colleges having strong departments of geology are generally described first, irrespective of locality.

The material was collected and arranged with three classes of people in mind, to whom the matter might be of interest and value: (1) Teachers of geology who are desirous of knowing what geological work is being done in other institutions and what facilities others have for doing the work; (2) prospective students in geology, especially graduate students, who are desirous of comparing the facilities in the different institutions; (3) the large class of educators who are interested from the standpoint of general education.

It would be interesting in this connection to have statistics on geology in the high schools, seminaries, and normal schools, but such are not available at present.

The tables and notes were made out from the original sources with considerable care, but a revision would no doubt correct many minor points, and would enable the placing of mineralogy in a separate column in the general table. A number of institutions give mineralogy part of a term or part of a year in connection with geology, so that it was not possible in some instances to determine the time devoted to each subject; but as some institutions make mineralogy entirely independent of geology it would be better to have placed it in a separate column.

A like difficulty is encountered in attempting to tabulate statistics in the comparatively modern branches of petrography and physiography which are being introduced rapidly into most of the higher grade institutions, but which in many of them, as yet, form only partial courses along with general geology or mineralogy.

Economic geology has been introduced in many institutions within the last few years. Among some of the leading institutions offering special facilities in this line might be mentioned Columbia College, Harvard University, University of Chicago, Cornell University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The figures relative to the cost of equipment and number of specimens are for the most part only approximations, but as they are furnished either by the head of the department or the president of the institution they will be close enough to give a

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In Alabama geology a tangit in 6 d.ferent 192111.ca bat in cely 1, the State Calverty, ie it a separate department

The University of Sialama Gesingy was targht at this miversity in 181, the year the university was founded, by J. F. WALA VÀO VNs succeeded in 1834 by V. 1. Bram J. At present it is taught by Eigene A. Smith, who is also State geolog.at.

The specimens collected by the State geological survey are available for instruction, so that the department is not lacking in iustrative Laterial. The number of mineral specimens is estimated at 2,000, and rocks and fossils at 20,000, valued at $10,900. Professor Emith's private library is available for reference.

A four years' course is given, comprising 1, physical geography, 2 mineralogy, and crystallography, (3, general geology, (4) economic geology and special geology of Alabama. The full course of four years is required of students in mining engineering Three years are required of scientific and civil engineering students, with the privilege of electing the fourth year. In the classical course one year in general geology is required.

At the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala., geology was first taught in 1859 by Prof. John Darby. The present instructor is P. H. Mell, professor of geology and botany, Geology is tanght for one year and mineralogy for part of a year. Post graduate instruction is also given in geology. In 1893-91 there were 43 students in geology, 1 being a graduate student, and 2 in mineralogy. Special attention is given to the geology of Alabama, and economic geology is taught to some extent. Geology is required of all students in the senior year.

ARIZONA.

Arizona has at present but 1 institution in which geology is taught, the University of Arizona at Tucson, founded in 1891. Theodore B. Comstock, president of the university, teaches geology, mineralogy, and mining. There are three courses of one term each offered in mineralogy and petrography and five in geology. The first includes physical and determinative mineralogy and petrography. The geology includes (1) physiography, (2) structural, (3) dynamical and stratigraphical geology, (4) engineering geology, and (5) paleontology. The number of specimens in the collections is estimated at 3,500, valued at $3,000. Along with the collections of the

former Territorial geologist the institution has received the Arizona collection from the World's Fair.

ARKANSAS.

Geology is taught in 5 institutions in Arkansas, but forms a separate department in none. In the Arkansas Industrial University, at Fayetteville, biology and geology aro combined in one department, with J. F. McNeil, professor, and S. E. Meek, adjunct professor. There are two terms' work in structural, dynamical, and physical geology, which is carried on by means of recitations, lectures, field and laboratory work. Two terms are devoted to historical geology, one to economic geology, one to paleontology, and one year to agricultural geology, making nine terms in all. The geological laboratory is provided with barometers, compasses, levels, pedometers, drawing apparatus, section-cutting machines, and paleontological collections. Hendrix College, at Conway, has one term in mineralogy and two in geology, taught by G. H. Burr, professor of natural and physical science.

CALIFORNIA.

Geology is taught in California in 7 different colleges, but it is a separate department in only two, the State University, at Berkeley, and Stanford University, Palo Alto, both of which have an able faculty in geology, and are well equipped for practical work. The head professor in each institution has had charge of the department of geology since the opening of the respective universities in 1869 and 1892. The State as well as the institution is fortun a te in both cases in having at the head of th department a man of international reputation.

University of California, Berkeley, Cal.-Joseph Le Conte, professor of geology and natural history; Andrew C. Lawson, associate professor of geology and mineralogy; F. L. Ransom, fellow in mineralogy; J. C. Merriam, fellow in paleontology. Geology was taught in the University of California at its opening in 1869 by Professor Lo Conte, who has been there since that date.

The institution, being an old one for a Western State, has accumulated much valuable illustrative and working material. The estimated value of the mineral and rock collections is $28,000; instruments, maps, etc., $8,000. There are 1,382 volumes in the geological library and 55,000 specimens in the mineral and rock collections. The equipment is being added to constantly; a new building for geology is in contemplation, and it is expected that a paleontologist will soon be added to the teaching force.

Five courses are offered in geology, one of which is a graduate course; and two courses in mineralogy. Professor Le Conte offers a course in general geology, Professor Lawson offers courses in field geology, petrography, graduate course in crystallography, mineralogical terminology, and descriptive mineralogy, F. L. Ransom a course in the mineralogical laboratory, and Dr. Merriam a course in general paleontology.

The department of geology issues bulletins from time to time, giving, in the form of memoirs, results of research by some member or members of the faculty or graduate students, the object being an incentive to original research by the graduate student and an opportunity to give the results of his work to the scientific world. Four numbers of the bulletin were issued in 1893-91.

The California division of the United States Geological Survey has made its headquarters at the university since 1891, which enables students to see something of the practical side of the subject and come in contact with working geologists.

In the two upper classes in 1893-94 about 40 per cent of the students clected geology. There were four graduate students taking geology as a major study and three as a minor.

Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal.-John C. Branner, professor of geology; J. Perrin Smith, associate professor of mineralogy and paleontology.

Professor Branner was state geologat of Arkansas at the time the uz.versity opened, 6591 183, and did not remote to the solverity tail February, 1se, whra the work in geo sgy wgan. Profesor baith came in October, 194.

kor kse khort time tue in vernity has been open the department is fairly well suppied with woning material. The number of volumes in the geological Library, inonding Profesor Braster's large private library, is 6,470. The value of the instrumente, maps, etc., is #164. No estimate is made on the mineral and rock 6 tone, part of which is a loan collection.

The department of geology at present has part of one of the stone buildings surrounding the inner quadrangle. A large museum of Latural history is under contemplation, as are also additions to the faculty.

Three reglar courses of work are offered to undergraduates by Professor Branner în ́1, dynamie and structural geology, 2, economic geology, “3, topographie geology, and three by Professor Smith in (1, paleontology, (2 mineralogy, (3) petrograshy. Advanced work by both graduates and undergraduates is pursued in the fed and laboratory, under the direction or guidance of one of the professors. Professor Branner's wide experience on different geological surveys enables him to make the work practical from the start, and his students gain not only a theoretical but a working knowledge of geology.

In 1893-91 there were 12 students electing geology as their major subject, of which 5 were graduate students, while a much larger number pursued geology as a minor.

COLORADO.

In Colorado geology is taught in 6 colleges, and graduate instruction is offered in 1 of them-Colorado College.

State School of Mines, at Golden, is one of the best equipped colleges in the State for instruction in geology. The subject was first taught in 1874 by Arthur Lakes, and is now (1893-94) taught by Horace B. Patton. The mineral and rock collections are valued at $8,000 and consist of 12,000 specimens, as follows: Rocks, 2,000; minerals, 6,600; economic products, 2,000; fossils, 2,000. The instruments, maps, etc., are estimated at $1,200, and there are 175 volumes in the library.

Geology is required in the regular course in mining and metallurgical engineering and is elective in the other courses, but is elected by all entitled to do so. One year, three terms, is given to geology, including dynamical, structural, historical, and economic geology. The work is conducted by text-book, supplemented by lectures and field excursions. The same length of time, one year, is given to mineralogy, including crystallography, blowpiping, and determinative mineralogy. The college is admirably situated for field work in geology, Golden being in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, 15 miles west of Denver.

Colorado College and Cutler Academy, at Colorado Springs, offers seven different courses in geology, mineralogy, and paleontology: (1) A course in general geology, including dynamical, structural, and historical geology, based on Le Conte's Elements of Geology; (2) mineralogy, both physical and chemical, one year, Dana's Mineralogy and Petrography; (3) lithology, half a year, Rosenbusch's Microscopical Physiography of Rock-Making Minerals, preparation of sections and determination of rocks; (4) Sconomic geology, half a year, Tarr's Economic Geology; (5) invertebrato paleontology, one year; (6) vertebrate paleontology, one year; (7) geological surveying, one year. F. W. Cragin is professor of geology, mineralogy, and paleontology, and Joseph K. Surls is instructor in mineralogy and geology.

University of Denver, at Denver, offers three terms' work in geology and one in mineralogy. The subject was first taught in 1880 by Sidney H. Short, and at present (1893-94) by William C. Strong, professor of natural sciences, who also teaches chemistry. The mineral specimens in the collection number 2,000, and rocks 300. University of Colorado, at Boulder, offers no course in geology at present. It has a collection of 1,300 specimens of native and foreign rocks, a microscope, and about 500 thin sections of rocks, along with a small collection of fossils.

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