CICADA.

studied at the Juív. of Turin where he took his degree, 1824, as dector of laws. He early gained repute in historical investigations. In 1825, appeared his Notizie sulla Storia dei Principi di Savoia, in 1826, Notizie di Paolo Simone de Belli; and in 1827 Delle Storie di Chieri Libra IV. King Charles Albert-with whom he was always a great favorite-frequently employed him in diplomatic service, and in 1848, when Italy rose against the Austrians, appointed C. extraordinary royal commissioner at Venice. During the same year he was created a senator of the kingdom. When Charles Albert-after the unfortunate issue of the war-went to live in voluntary exile at Oporto, C. was sent by the Sardinian senate to induce him to return. He wrote an account of his unsuccessful mission, entitled Ricordi d'una Missione in Porto gallo al Re Carlo Alberto (1850) During his public career, however, C. did not neglect his early and favorite pursuits. In 1839, he published Della Economia Politica del Medio Evo; in 1840, Storia della Monarchia di Savoia; in 1844, Storia e Descrizione della Badia d'Altacomba; and in 1847, Storia di Torino. But the new life and energy which Sardinia began to manifest under Victor Emmanuel had its claims on his public usefulness. In 1850, he was appointed supt.gen. of customs, and while occupying this office introduced important reforms. Subsequently, he was intrusted with full powers to negotiate a treaty of commerce with France, in which he distinguished himself notably by his advocacy of the principles of free trade. In 1852, he was made minister of public instruction, and in 1855, minister of foreign affairs. When Cavour took this department into his own hands C. became first sec. of the king. In 1857, he was appointed pres. of the telegraphic congress of Turin. In 1860, C. again made a most successful appearance as an author in Operette Varie (Torino), and in Jacopo Valperga di Masino, Cancelliere di Savoya. He died at Salo, in the province of Brescia.

CICADA, n. 8i-ka'da, or CICALA, n. si-ka lá [L. cicada, the tree-cricket: It. cicada, and cicala]: genus of insects of the order Hemiptera, sub-ord. Homoptera, remarkable for the sounds which they emit, the loudness of which is very extraordinary for creatures of their

size. The largest European species are only about an inch long. The elytra, or wing-covers, of the cicadæ are almost always transparent and veined. They dwell on shrubs and trees, of which they suck the juices. The male insects alone possess the organs of sound perfectly developed. These are in no way connected with the mouth or throat, but may be described as a musical apparatus on the under side of the abdomen. This apparatus is very complicated, consisting of a set of membranes and fibres connected with powerful muscles. The sound can be produced even after the insect has

Cicada.

been long dead, by pulling the fibres, and letting them

CICATRIX.

escape. Cicadas are most common in tropical and warm temperate regions. The ancients regarded the sounds of these insects as types of music and eloquence. In some countries they bear names which signify that sleep is banished by their din. The sounds produced by some of the S. American species, which are much larger than the European, are loud enough to be heard at the distance of a mile, and have been likened to the sound of a razorgrinder at work. The Greek name of the C. is tettir, often erroneously translated grasshopper. These insects have indeed no resemblance to grasshoppers, and no power of leaping. C. is the Latin name. The modern Italian is cicale, the French cigale. Byron speaks of the 'shrill ci

calas.'

CICADA SEPTENDECIM, or SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUST (Linn rus); insect belonging to the order of Hemiptera, division Homoptera. The specific name septendecim alludes to a popular belief that it spends 17 years in the imperfectly developed state, not leaving the chrysalis till after that period of larval life. The united scientific and popular observations prove that the insect has a certain degree of periodicity in its visitations, and that 17 years is approximately the measure of its term of absence. In its developed state it is black, veins in wings and the anterior edge of same, orange; eyes, red; rings around body, orange; legs, orange; wings expanded, 2 to 3 inches. The markings on the wings form a rude approach to the letters W and M. When they appeared, in 1835, in Louisiana some of the people interpreted these as meaning war with Mexico. The complete insects leave the ground between February and July. They develop in great numbers; the males soon die, it being questionable whether they ever take any nourishment. The female dies soon after laying her eggs; the eggs develop and the larva, which is but inch long, falls to the ground and buries itself, to emerge ultimately as a pupa. Owing to their slow development, many perish before reaching this stage. After the pupa state is attained, they leave the earth, climb the trunks of trees, and then undergo their final metamorphose. The skin of the pupa splits, and the cicada emerges. Were they annual visitants, they would do incalculable injury; as it is, they destroy and injure much vegetation, as the larvæ attack the roots of plants, sucking the juice therefrom. Birds, insects, and animals prey upon the eggs and larvæ.

CICATRIX, n. sik-a-triks, CICATRICE, n. -tris [L. cicatrix, a scar: F. cicatrice]: the scar or seam that remains after a wound has skinned over and healed. CICATRIZE, v. -triz, to heal a wound; to induce a skin to grow over it; to skin over. CIC ATRI ZING, imp. CICATRIZED, pp trizd. CICATRIZATION, n. -tri-zá shin, the process of healing; the being skinned over. CICATRI SIVE, a. trizie. tending to promote the healing of a wound. CICATRICULA, n. -trikú-lu, in bot., the scar left after the falling of a leaf; the hilum or base of the seed; in anat.. the point in the ovum (egg) in which development begins, and life first shows itself.

CICATRIZATION-CICER.

CICATRIZATION: process of healing or skinning over of an ulcer or broken surface in the skin or in a mucous membrane, by which a fibrous material, of a dense resist ing character, is substituted for the lost texture. The new tissue, in such a case, is called the cicatrix, and usually resembles, to a considerable extent, the structure which it re places; it is, however, less elastic, and from its shrinking in volume, sometimes produces an appearance of puckering. The glands and other special structures of the origi nal tissue are wanting in cicatrix, which, however, performs perfectly well, in most instances, the office of pro- [ tection to the parts below the surface. See INFLAMMATION ULCERATION.

CICCI, chet che, MARIA LOUISA: 1760-1794; Italian poet; b. Pisa. When she was seven years old her father placed her in a convent, ordered her to be instructed merely in domestic duties, and forbade her even being taught to write. By stealth, however, she read some of the best poets, acquired the rudiments of writing, and supplied the want of pen and ink by grape juice and bits of wood. With these rude materials her first verses were written in her 10th year. At a maturer age she made herself mistress of natural philosophy, and the English and French languages, and studied the works of Locke and Newton. Her anacreontic verses were distinguished by their grace and spirit.

CICELY, n. sis ́ě-li [L. and Gr. sesėlis, the plant hartwort], (Myrrhis): genus of umbelliferous plants, nearly allied to Chervil, of which one species, SWEET C. (M. odorata), is common in central and southern Europe, and in similar climates in Asia, but in Britain is so generally found near human habitations, that it appears probably to have been introduced. It is sometimes called Sweet Chervil, and in Scotland Myrrh. It is a branching perennial, two ft. high or upward, with large triply pinnate leaves and pinnatifid leaflets, somewhat downy beneath; the fruit remarkable for its large size, and as well as the whole plant, powerfully fragrant, the smell resembling that of anise. The seeds, roots, and young leaves are used in Germany and other countries in soups, etc. The plant was formerly much in use as a medicinal aromatic.

CIC'ER: see CHICK PEA.

CICERO.

CICERO, sis'e-rō, MARCUS TULLIUS: greatest orator of Rome, and one of the most illustrious of her statesmen and men of letters: B.C. 106, Jan. 3-B.C. 43, Dec. 7; b. Arpi num. He belonged to an ancient family, of the equestrian order, and possessed of considerable influence in his native district. His father, a man of culture, and desirious that his son should acquire eminent position in the state, removed him at an early age to Rome, where, under the direction of the orator Crassus, he was instructed in the language and literature of Greece, and in all the other branches of a polite education. In his 16th year he assumed the manly: gown, and was introduced to the public life of a Roman citizen. He now acquired a knowledge of law, and un-; derwent a complete course of discipline in oratory. At the same time he studied philosophy under three successive. preceptors, of the epicurean, academic, and stoic schools, and neglected no mental exercise, however arduous, which might conduce to his future eminence; being thus early of the opinion which he afterward maintained in his treatise De Oratore, that an orator should possess almost universal knowledge. With the exception of a brief campaign under Sulla, in the social war, he passed his time in these preliminary studies until his 26th year, when he began to plead in public. In one of his earliest causes, he distinguished himself by defending the rights of Roscius, a private citizen, against one of the favorites of Sulla, who was then dictator. Soon after, for his health, and for improvement in elocution, he travelled to the chief seats of learning in Greece and Asia; and on his return was considered as second to no orator at the Roman bar. Having been elected questor (B.C. 76), he was appointed by lot to a government in Sicily, a post which he filled with great ability, and to the entire satisfaction of those whom he governed. Some years after his return, he laid the Sicilians under still greater obligations by his successful prosecution of their prætor, Verres, against whom he prepared no less than six orations, although the first had the effect of disheartening the accused so effectually that he voluntarily retired into exile. Passing, at short intervals, through the offices of ædile B.C. 69) and prætor (B.c. 66), he was at length elected, by an overwhelming majority, to the consulship. His tenure of office was rendered memorable by the conspiracy of Catiline, which he frustrated with admirable skill and promptitude: see CATILINE. The highest praises were showered upon C.; he was hailed by Cato and Catulus as the father of his country;' and public thanksgivings in his name were voted to the gods. But his popularity did not last long after the expiry of his consulship. His enemies charged him with a public crime, in having put the conspiring nobles to death without a formal trial, and he found it necessary to leave Rome, and went to reside in Thessalonica (B.c. 58.) A formal edict of banishment was pronounced against him, but he was recalled from exile in about 16 months, and on his return to Rome was received with great enthusiasm. His recovered dignity, however, soon excited the envy of the honorable party in the senate,

CICERO.

with whom he had desired to make common cause, while Pompey and Cæsar, the greatest powers in the state, and from whose enmity he had most to dread, courted his alliance and co-operation. Thus, while preserving an appearance of independence, he was betrayed into many actions which he could not but regard as ignominious, and which, by increasing the power of the triumvirs, led indirectly to the ruin of the republic. A remarkable exception to this servile conduct is to be found in his assisting Milo when suing for the consulship, and defending him, against the wish of Pompey, and in spite of the hostile feeling of the populace, after he had slain Clodius in an accidental rencounter. During this period, he composed his works, De Oratore, De Republica, and De Legibus. After a year's admirable administration of the Province of Cilicia (B.C. 51-50), he returned to Italy on the eve of the civil war. With the convictions which he avowed there was but one course which it would have been honorable for him to pursue-to enlist himself, at all hazards, on the side of Pompey and the republic. But instead of this he hesitated, balanced the claims of duty and of interest, blamed Pompey for his want of preparation, and criticised the plan of his campaign. At length he joined the army of the senate, but, after the battle of Pharsalia, abruptly quitted his friends, and resolved to throw himself upon the generosity of the conqueror. After nine months' miserable suspense at Brundum, he was kindly received by Cæsar, whom he followed to Rome. During the years which ensued, he remained in comparative retirement, composing his principal works in philosophy and rhetoric, including those entitled Orator, Hortensius, De Finibus, Tusculana, Disputationes, De Natura Decorum, De Senectute, De Amicitia, and De Officiis. On the death of Cæsar, he was disposed to unite his interests with those of Brutus and the other conspirators, but was restrained by dictates of prudence. In the commotions which followed, he espoused the cause of Octavianus, and gave utterance to his celebrated philippics against Antony. These orations were the occasion of his death. When Octavianus and Lepidus joined with Antony in a triumvirate C. was among the proscribed; and his life was relentlessly sought. The soldiers of Antony overtook him while his attendants were bearing him, now old and in an infirm state of health, from his Formian villa to Caieta, where he intended to embark. He met his death with greater fortitude than he had supported many of the untoward incidents of his life. Desiring his attendants to forbear resistance, he stretched forward in the litter, and offered his neck to the sword of his executioners. He died in the 63d year of his age.

The character of C. is one which is not difficult to estimate. Really a lover of virtue, no one could follow in her footsteps with greater dignity when attended by the popular applause. But he was weak enough to yield to the depraved spirit of his times, and to act according to his convictions only when they were not evidently discordant with his private interests. Few mer, possessing such tal