CICERONE-CICINDELA.

ents, have been so utterly devoid of anything approaching to heroism. As a statesman, it would be unjust to deny his legislative abilities; but he was generally deficient in courage and resolution. He was one of the greatest masters of rhetoric that have ever lived. His orations were the result of consummate art, combined with unwearied industry, and survive as characteristic memorials of a time when eloquence, far more than at present, was a power which bent the verdicts of judicial tribunals, and influenced the decrees of the state. In philosophy, he does not rank with the original thinkers of antiquity; nor, in truth, did he aspire to do so. His writings on speculative subjects are valuable as reflecting the varied thought of the different schools. See his collected works by Orelli (9 vols., 1837; new ed. 1845); by Baiter and Kayser (1869). Also the lives by Middleton, Forsyth (1864), and Jeens (1880); and Trollope's Life, 2 vols. (1880).

CICERONE, n. sis'é-rỡ ně, or chich'e-rō'ně; CIC'ERO'NI, n. plu. -rō në [It.-from Cicero, or Ciceronem, the great anc. orator]: one who explains curiosities and antiquities; a guide. Cicerones are of all degrees, from distinguished. archæologists, who undertake the office as a favor, to the humble laquais de place, who, though quite indispensable on a first arrival, is too often both incompetent and dishonest. The stranger ought to be particularly on his guard against allowing a C. to make purchases for or even with him, as the practice of adding a commission to him to the price charged now prevails probably in every country in Europe. CICERONIAN, a. giger-7 nữ ăn, like Cicero in style; eloquent. CIC'ERO'NIANISM, n. -izm, imitation of Cicero.

CICHORACEOUS, a. sik ́õ-rā'shŭs [L. cichorium, chicory]: of or pertaining to chicory or succory.

CICHO RIUM: see CHICORY and ENDIVE.

CICINDELA, sis-in-děla: genus of insects of the order Coleoptera, section Pentamera, type of a large family, Cicindelide. This family is nearly allied to Carabidae, and the insects belonging to it are among the most voracious

of those beetles which, both in their perfect and larva state, prey on other insects. They have a strong head, with projecting toothed mandibles, and are particularly distinguished by a sort of hook or nail, which is articulated by its base to each of the lower jaws or maxillæ. They are more abundant in tropical than in cold countries. The head of the larva is large, concave above, and the back furnished with two remarkable hooked spines, which are said to be used as anchors to fix it at any part it chooses of its burrow in the earth; while the soil

Cincildela campestris, larva and perfect insect.

CICISBEO-CID CAMPEADOR.

which it excavates is carried to the mouth of the burrow in a sort of natural basket formed of the concave back of the head and the recurved mandibles. The larva lies in wait in its burrow, its head just level with the ground, till its prey comes within reach, upon which it suddenly rushes.-C. campestris, a green species with whitish spots, is common in most parts of Britain in dry, sandy places exposed to the sun.

CICISBEO, n. chi-chis-ba'ō [It.]: in Italy, the professed gallant or constant attendant on a married woman; a married lady's guardian in public. In the higher ranks of Italian society, it was at one time considered unfashionable for the husband to associate with his wife anywhere except in his own house. In society, or at public places of amusement, the wife was accompanied by her C., who attended at her toilet to receive her commands for the day. This custom, which was once universal, and which naturally gave rise to much scandal, has now almost disappeared. C. is synonymous with cavaliere servente. CICISBEISM, n. che-chis be-izm, the system which assigns a male guardian to a married lady other than her husband.

CICOGNARA, che-kōn-ya'rá, LEOPOLDO, Count DE: 1767-1834, Mar. 5; b. Ferrara, Italy: archeologist and writer on art. He pursued his favorite studies at Rome, explored Sicily, and visited Florence, Milan, Bologna, and Venice, fixing the residence at Modena, 1795. Here he became a legislator, councilor of state, and minister of the Cisalpine republic at Turin. From 1808 he was pres. of the Acad. of Fine Arts at Venice, the efficiency of which he greatly promoted. His Del Bello Ragionamenti (1808), was dedicated to Napoleon, who decorated him with the iron crown, and assisted the publication of his great work, Storia della Scultura (3 vols. Venice, 1813-18): this is marred by excessive admiration for his friend Canova Under the patronage (afterward lost) of Francis I. of Austria, he brought out Fabbriche più conspicue di Venezia (2 vols. folio, 1815-20). This and other splendid and expensive works reduced him to poverty. He produced a Catalogue raisonné (2 vols. Pisa, 1821) of his fine collection of books on art, which were bought 1824 by Leo XII., for the Vatican library.

CICO'NIA: see STORK.

CICUTA: see HEMLOCK.

CIDARIS, n. plu. siďăr-is [Gr. kid'ŭris, a turban]: genus of Echinidae (q.v.), or sea-urchins, closely allied to the genus Echinus itself, and included with it in a family or tribe called Cidarites, in which the mouth and anus are opposite to each other-the mouth below, and the anus above. Only one species, C. papillata, has been found in the British seas, and that only on the coasts of Zetland. The Zetlanders call it the Piper, from a resemblance which they trace in its globe and spines to a bagpipe. They say that it is sometimes found with spines a foot long. The markings of the shell and spines are extremely beautiful. CID CAMPEADOR, Sp. theth km-pã-á-thōr': name given

CID CAMPEADOR.

in histories, traditions, and songs to the most celebrated of Spain's national heroes, Roderigo Ruy Diaz, d. 1099. There is so much of the mythical in the history of this personage, that hypercritical writers, such as Masdea, have doubted his existence; but recent researches, more particularly those of Dozy, and the investigation of newly-discovered Arabic sources, have succeeded in separating the historical from the romantic. See Dozy's Recherches sur l'Histoire Politique et Littéraire de l'Espagne pendant le moyen úge (Leyden, 1849). The following is the result of these inquiries: Roderigo Ruy Diaz (Roderic the son of Diego) was descended from one of the proudest families of Castile. His name first appears in a document written 1064, during the reign of Ferdinand of Leon. Under Sancho II., son of Ferdinand, he became standard-bearer and commander of the royal troops. In a war between the two brothers, Sancho II. and Alfonso VI. of Leon; it was a stratagem of Roderic's-which, according to modern notions, was anything but honorable-that secured the victory of Sancho at Llantada (1068) over his brother, who was forced to seek refuge with the Moorish king of Toledo. He appears at this time to have already been called the Campeador, a word supposed to answer to our champion.

Upon the assassination of his friend and patron, King Sancho, he required the next heir, Don Alonzo, to clear himself by oath of any participation in his brother's murder, ere the nobles of Leon and Castile should do homage to him. By this act, he incurred the new monarch's enmity, an enmity which, however, the king's policy con cealed in the hour of danger, and he even consented to Roderic's marriage with his cousin Ximena-daughter of Diego, Duke of Asturia. But when the king thought the services of Roderic no longer necessary to his own safety, he readily gave ear to the latter's personal enemies, and banished him in 1081. Roderic then joined the Moorish kings of Saragossa, in whose service he fought against both Moslems and Christians. It was probably during this exile that he was first called the Cid or Sid, an Arabic title which means lord. He frequently defeated the king of Aragon and the Count of Barcelona, the latter of whom, Berenguer Ramon II., he took prisoner.

He was again reconciled to the king, but only for a short time, when he was condemned to a second exile. In order to support his family and numerous followers, he now saw himself forced to carry his sword against the Moors, over whom he gained a victory, and established himself as sovereign or lord of Valencia (1094). He retained possession of Valencia five years, during which time he took many neighboring fortresses. He died of grief 1099, on learning that his relative and comrade in arms, Alvar Fanez, had been vanquished by the Moors, and that the army which he had sent to his assistance had been defeated near Alcira. After the Cid's death, his widow held Valencia till 1102, when she was obliged to capitulate to the Almoravides, and fly to Castile where she died 1104. Her remains were placed by those of her lord in the monastery of San Pedro

CIDER-CIENFUEGOS.

d Cadeña. The Cid had a son, who was slain by the Moors in a battle near Consuegra. He also left behind him two daughters, one of whom was married to the Count of Barcelona; the other to an Infant of Navarre, through whom the kings of Spain and many royal houses of Europe claim kindred with Mio Cid el Campeador.' Relics of the 'Blessed Cid,' as he is still called in Spain, such as his sword, shield, banner, and drinking-cup, are still held in great reverence by the populace. The numerous Cid romances that were published first in the 16th c. contain the most romantic improbabilities concerning the life and deeds of the Cid. See Silva de Varios Romances (1550), and Romancero General (1604). These romances were taken from the ancient cantares (national songs) and poemas, most of which are entirely lost. The most important of modern works on this subject, besides that of Dozy above mentioned, are Huber's Geschichte des Cid, etc. (Breman 1829), and Southey's fascinating Chronicle of the Cid (Lond. 1808). See also Willemaers, Le Cid (Bruss. 1873). The first adequate English translation is that of Mr. Ormsby, 1879.

CIDER, n. sider [F. cidre; OF. sidre, cider-from L. sicěrů, strong drink]: juice of apples fermented. It is prepared extensively in the United States and parts of England, in Ireland, and in the n. districts of France. In Normandy, a vast number of varieties of acid or bitterapples are grown for the preparation of cider. The apples are first bruised in a circular stone-trough or chase, by a similarly-shaped stone or runner, which revolves by machinery in the interior of the trough. The pulp so obtained is placed in sieve bags made of hair-cloth or reedstraw, and subjected to pressure, which yields a darkcolored, sweet liquid, and leaves in the bag a somewhat dry residue, consisting of the pips, skin, and other fibrous parts of the apple. The apple-juice passes first into a shallow tub or trin, and is almost immediately placed in casks in a cool place, when fermentation begins, part of the sugar is coverted into alcohol, and in a few days, a clear liquid is obtained, which can easily be racked off from sedimentary matter. C. contains 5 to 9 per cent of alcohol, and is therefore intoxicating when drunk largely. It does not possess the tonic and nourishing properties of bitter-beer. C. quickly turns sour, becoming hard C., owing to the development of lactic acid. CIDERKIN, n. -kin a poor liquor made from the refuse of apples after the juice has been pressed out for cider.

CI-DEVANT, ad. se dě-vong' [F. ci, here, this; decant, before]: formerly; heretofore; late.

CIEL, v. sel, or SEEL, v. sel [Scot. sile, to blindfold: F. ciller, to wink-from cil, an eyelash-from L. ciliům, one eyelash]: in OE., to cover or close the eyes; to sew up the eyes of a hawk in order to tame it; to panel. CIELING, imp. CIELED, pp. sild, panelled; wainscoted; see SEEL.

CIENFUEGOS, se-en-fra gōs: city of Cuba, cap. of a district; on the bay of Jagua on the s. coast, 130 m s.e. of Havana. It is named from a capt.gen. of Cuba who

CIEZA-CIGOLI.

founded it about 1813, and is said to be the most beautiful town on the island. It has a good harbor, defended by the fort of Los Angeles, and railroad communication with Cardenas and other places on the n. coast. C. is connected directly by cable with Santiago de Cuba and Havana. During the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (q.v.) the harbor of C. was effectually blockaded, and when a Spanish mail steamer, the Argonauta, tried to force the blockade she was captured (first capture of the war) by the U. S. gunboat Nashville, 1898, Apr. 29. On the same day the cruiser Marblehead bombarded its fortifications. On May 14 four boat-crews from the American vessels rowed into the harbor and, under the protection of the guns of their ships, cut the cables, thus preventing any information regarding the movements of the American flying squadron from reaching Havana or Santiago. C. has a good local trade, and exports sugar, wax, and timber. Pop. (1888) 65,556.

CIEZA, the-a tha: town of Spain, province of Murcia, 26 m. n.w. of the city of Murcia; on an eminence near the river Segura, overlooking a plain of great fertility. The streets are wide and well paved; and there are manufactures of linen, hempen fabrics, wine, and oil; and silkworms are reared. Pop. (1897) est. 15,000.

CIGAR. n. si-gár [Sp. cigarro, originally a particular kind of tobacco: F. cigare]: a small roll of tobacco leaf for smoking (see TOBACCO). CIGARETTE, n. sig á rét, small cigar, of tobacco more or less finely divided, and rolled up in a wrapper forming a bundle of approximately cylindrical shape. For wrapper, corn husk, tobacco leaves, or sections of straw, or tissue paper, are used. The manufacture has attained immense development in the last 10 years. Formerly the consumer as a rule made his own cigarettes one at a time, rolling up the tobacco in a wrapper. They are now made principally in factories. The tobacco is selected with care and subjected to various treatment, each manufacturer having his own systems. Glycerine is used to preserve the moisture of the tobacco; and as flavoring a great variety of substances is used. As wrapper the purest tissue paper is generally used. Sometimes it is prepared in color to resemble tobacco. One such preparation is made by dusting dampened paper with impalpable powder of tobacco and subjecting piles of sheets thus treated to pressure until dry. The best paper is said to come from Alcoy, in Valencia, Spain. The rolling of the cigarettes is generally done by hand. The tobacco for each cigarette is picked up by the fingers, and wonderful accuracy is attained by practice. Though many machines, some successful, have been invented for rolling cigarettes, none have been able to displace hand-work. Medical authorities trace serious diseases to the habitual use of cigarettes, especially by persons not yet mature; and propositions have even been made to prohibit by law their sale to minors.

CIGOLI, che go-le, LUDOVICO CARDI DA. 1559-1613, b Empoli eminent painter of the later Florentine school, which, about the end of the 16th c., developed in opposition to the languid mannerists of the time, a peculiar eclectic style of art. His model was Corregio; but as the latter