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mortuary chapel, of blue limestone with trimmings of sandstone; also a soldiers' monument, consisting of a bronze statue with granite pedestal; and many beautiful private monuments.

Suburbs.—Some of the most important of the formerly suburban villages around C. have been incorporated within its limits. Chief among these are Brighton, formerly the locality of the stock-yards, Fairmount, Mount Auburn at the n., a district of elegant residences, and at the s.e. Fulton and Pendleton. Of the remaining suburbs, Clifton, on the n., is one presenting great beauty of landscape gardening Its avenues are lined with fine shade-trees, and some of the finest villas in C.'s environs are to be found in it. It has also a handsome town-hall of brick, containing the public offices and the principal school. Avondale, e. of Clifton, is another beautiful suburb, containing many fine residences. Mt. Washington, on the n.e., has similar characteristics. Its landscape gardening, and especially its magnolias, are specially notable. Other suburban places are Delhi and Riverside to the w., Madisonville and Linwood to the n.e., St. Bernard to the n., and at a greater distance to the n., Hartwell and Lockwood, Glendale and Reading. On the Kentucky side of the Ohio are the cities of Covington and Newport, which by the census of 1890 had populations of 37,371 and 24,918 respectively, and, though in another state, are virtually suburbs of C. They are situated, the former on the w., the latter on the e. side of the mouth of the Licking river. Bellevue and Dayton, in Ky., also suburbs of C., extend to the e. of Newport.

Streets, etc.-The streets are laid out with great regularity, crossing each other at right angles, and are broad and wellshaded. Originally paved with limestone, if paved at all, they have since been paved with cobble-stones or with artificial preparations. The number of miles of streets, avenues, and alleys is nearly 400. In the central part of the city the streets running e. and w. are numbered. The esplanade, an oval 400 ft. long, is regarded as the centre of C. Horsecars run to all parts of the city and suburbs, including those upon the Kentucky side. There are also dummyrailroads, etc.; and four great inclined-plane elevators give communication with the hill-tops on the e., n., and w. Three immense bridges span the Ohio river at C., the most important of which is the great suspension bridge connecting C. with Covington. When built, it was the largest single-span bridge of its class in the world. The towers which sustain the cables are 230 ft. high; they are higher, and each one contains more stone, than the Bunker Hill monument. The distance from those on the Ohio shore to those on the Kentucky shore is 1,057 ft. The bridge has a width of 36 ft., and has double tracks for the horse-railroads to Covington and Newport, two carriage-ways, and two ways for pedestrians. The total length of the bridge is 2,252 ft, and its height above low-water mark is, in the centre, 103 ft.; it was completed and opened to the public, 1867. Jan. 1. The bridge connecting C. with Newport,

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Ky., is a mile e. of the suspension bridge, and is 100 ft. above low-water mark. This bridge is of wrought iron, and rests on 11 piers. Including its approaches, its length is 3,090 ft.; the channel span is of 405 ft. Though built for a railroad bridge, it contains ways for foot-passengers, carriages, and horse-cars. A third bridge, of wrought iron, which with its approaches is over a mile in length, is used exclusively for the Cincinnati Southern railroad. It is about 1 m. w. of the suspension bridge, and connects C. with Ludlow, Ky. The 11 m. of water-front are occupied by many wharves, or landings.' Most of these are private property, and are used for log-rafts, coal-boats and barges, and lumber. Most of those owned by the city are leased, but in the central portion is what is called the public landing,' used for general steamboat traffic. Bath-houses are numerous in C,, and the city maintains a public swimming-bath, moored in the Ohio river during the summer.

Water-works, etc.-The water-supply of C. is obtained wholly from the river. The pumping-house, situated on the river-bank, contains 7 large pumping-engines, with a combined pumping capacity of about 80,000,000 gallons a day. These engines lift the water into the old reservoir, comparatively small, and into two new reservoirs in Eden park with a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons. They are constructed in a natural ravine, across the mouth of which an immense wall of solid masonry has been thrown. The old reservoir supplies the s. part of the city, and some of the w. Those in Eden park supply the parts n. of this, up to the hills. A second pumping-house lifts water from these last up to two great boiler-iron reservoirs upon the hills in the n. of the city, by means of which those regions are supplied. There is also a sixth reservoir, on Price's hill, in the w. part of the city. The water-works are owned and operated by the city. Gas is supplied, under some limitations on the part of the city, by a joint-stock corporation, which also in part supplies the suburbs. Part of the city has surface drainage; part is drained by sewers.

Public and Private and Buildings.-The most imposing of the public buildings of C. is the United States government building, containing the custom-house, post-office, United States courts, and assistant treasurer's office. It is in the centre of the city, of granite, in the Renaissance style, with four stories and a mansard roof above the sidewalk, and basement and sub-basement below. It is 354 ft. long and 164 ft. wide, and cost about $6,000,000. The county court-house of Hamilton co. is a large and imposing building, 200 ft. square, and four stories high. It is built of Dayton stone, in the Roman Corinthian style, and contains the county courts, the rooms of the county officers, and the law library. The city building, containing most of the offices of the city government, is also large and handsome. One of the chief ornaments of the city is the music hall and exposition building, in which is held, each autumn, an exhibition of arts, manufactures, agriculture, and other industries, foreign and domestic. The building is of brick, in the modernized Gothic style, 402 ft. long by 316

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wide. The music hall seats 4,428 persons, and provides standing room for 3,000 more, besides which the stage will accommodate 1,500. It contains a great organ, of 6,237 pipes, which was built in Boston; but its artistic screen of wild-cherry was designed and carved by residents of C. This building cost about $500,000. The masonic temple, of massive freestone, in the Byzantine style, cost about $200,000. Of the theatres of the city, Pike's opera-house is architecturally the most important; it is of fine sandstone, in the Elizabethan style. There are more than a hundred public halls.

Churches.-Church Region is a name given to the district in the vicinity of St. Peter's cathedral, there being no less than 10 churches within a radius of one square from the cathedral, the total number of churches in C. of all denomi nations is 175, the Rom. Cath. leading with 45, followed by the Meth. Episc. 22, Presb. 17, and Prot. Episc. and Bapt. each 16. The finest, architecturally, is St. Peter's Cathedral (Rom. Cath.). The main walls of the cathedral are of Dayton limestone, while the basement is of blue sandstone. The steeple, 221 ft. high, is of very graceful proportions. At ɔne end is an altar of Carrara marble, with two angels on each side, the work of Hiram Powers. Opposite is an organ of 2,700 pipes. Finest among the paintings of the cathedral is that of St. Peter Liberated by an Angel, by Murillo, taken by the French from the Spaniards during the Peninsular war; it was presented by Cardinal Fesch, uncle of Napoleon, to the bishop of Cincinnati.

The largest hospital of the city is the C. hospital, one of the largest and best appointed in the world. It occupies wo entire squares, and consists of 8 separate buildings, arranged around a central court yard. Its capacity is large and its staff numerous; it has also an excellent library. It is a charitable institution of the city, but with provision for pay-patients. Of hospitals under private management, the largest is the Good Samaritan hospital, occuping a building originally constructed for a United States marine hospital. It is under the care of the sisters of charity, and can accommodate nearly 200 patients. Other hospitals are St. Mary's hospital, under the care of the sisters of the poor of St. Francis, the Jewish hospital, and the hospital for contagious diseases. Longview asylum for the insane, situated about 8 m. n. of C., is one of the largest of such institutious in the w. It is supported by Hamilton co. The city workhouse or prison, an immense structure, 3m. from the centre of the city, is one of its most imposing buildings. Near it is a large building of limestone, called the house of refuge, a house of correction for criminal youth of both sexes, between the ages of 8 and 16 years. The C. orphan asylum is the oldest charity of its kind in the w.; and there are many other charitable institutions, with buildings of more or less architectural merit.-C. is compactly built, and the houses are of a substantial character, though generally plain in architecture.

The principal monuments are those in honor of Col. R. L McCook, of the 9th Ohio regiment, and of Wm. Wood

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ward, founder of the Woodward high-school. The finest out-door work of art with which the city is embellished is the Tyler Davidson fountain, given to the city in memory of a citizen of that name. It stands in the centre of the esplanade, on Fountain square. The base and basin are of porphyry, the fountain itself of bronze, with many figures of high artistic merit, emblematic of the uses of water. The fountain is 38 ft. high, was designed and cast in Germany, and cost $105,000.

Railroads, etc.-The railroads entering C. number 24 in all. Of these the principal are the Baltimore and Ohio, the C. Southern, the Ohio and Mississippi, the C. Hamilton and Dayton, the C. Indianapolis St. Louis and Chicago, the Cleveland Columbus C. and Indianapolis, and the C. and Marietta. The first railroad to the city was built 1842 The C. Southern, running to Chattanooga, was built and is owned by the city itself; it is managed for the city by a board of trustees. There are six railroad depots. That of the C. Hamilton and Dayton is large and ornate, and accommodates several other railroads. The Kentucky Central has its depot in Covington. The Miami and Erie canal, popularly termed the Rhine,' traverses the city in a s.e direction, and empties by an underground tunnel into the Ohio river. For a considerable part of its course it has been converted into an immense sewer.

Commerce.-C. is a port of entry and has some foreign commerce. The first steamboat navigated the Ohio 1812. Ayer's Newspaper Annual, 1896, states that more than 350 steamboats are engaged in transportation. It places the value of imports and exports (1896) at $300,000,000 each. The Commercial Year Book states that in 1894 C. ranked 47th in the percentage records of the foreign commerce of the U. S., and that the entries of merchandise, 1895, were 4,099; duties and tonnage tax $830,358; aggregate receipts $833,505. The principal articles of export (1890) were clothing, liquors, iron and steel, furniture, and leather goods. In 1892 C. had 12 banks; receipts $6,137,507, of which 94.64 per cent. were checks; clearing-house exchanges, 1895, $653,228,500. C. is a great market for cotton.

Manufactures. According to the Report on the Manufacturing Industries of the U. S. (1890) the cash capital employed in the industries of C. was (1890) $104,483,032, the number of persons employed 96,689, the value of the annual product $196,063,983. The principal manufactures were clothing and liquors, foundry and machine-shop products, carriage and wagon building, furniture, boots and shoes, paints and printing. The amount of capital invested in slaughtering and meat-packing was $1,917,405.

Government and Finance.--The government of the city is vested in the mayor, common council, board of city commissioners, board of police commissioners, board of fire commissioners, and board of education. The board of city commissioners have charge of public works. The police force numbers about 400 men, the fire department about 200. The steam fire-engine was first brought into use here. The county returns two members to the United States house of representatives, and has cast the majority