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&c. following, the reader or hearer would be instantly arrested by the ambiguity as to accensi: whether it alluded to Romani or hostes. I had much rather agree with than differ from the learned authorities adduced by D. B. H.: but, after attentive reperusal, I still consider the common reading consistent and intelligible.Since I made the version, I find I have the concurrent opinion of Drackenborch, who writes thus: Ego in vulgata lectione nibil difficultatis video, modo ante vocem venissetque oratio majore distinctione interpungatur, &c.

Permit me next to address a few observations to your learned Correspondent M., who has been pleased to notice my translation of this thorny passage; which he appears to approve generally, and joins me in opinion as to the inadmissibility of the changes of tum and cum, and again of tum into suis, proposed by D. B. H.-M. however is dissatisfied with my version of unmolested for quietos; but he has omitted to give us his own. As to the obvious contradiction which he thinks is involved in the application of the word unmolested to a besieged army, I have merely to reply-not a tittle more than there is in quietos of the original text: and therefore he may contend with Livy on that point. The truth is, quietos and many other epithets are often relative in their meaning, and admit of great latitude in Ellipsis-M. himself has supplied a proper one, in the passage under notice. Oppugnatione, or hostium impetu, is naturally suggested by the context. But to be brief on this point, the version of "unmolested" is clearly supported by parallel passages of Livy and other authors. One passage to the point I cannot forbear quoting:

Ubi quum Volsci, quia nondum ab Æquis venisset exercitus, dimicare non ausi, quemadmodum quieti vallo se tutarentur pararent.-Liv. lib. 22.-which I would translate: Where when the Volsci, not daring to engage, as the forces from the Equi had not arrived, were arranging in what manner unmolested they might fortify themselves by a rampart.-Here too, after quieti, we must supply the ellipsis, " ab hoste," or "ab oppugnatione," and at once the mind is impressed with the idea" unmolested."

But M. does not substitute any other version, and I cannot devise a better; therefore I proceed. I translated Legatus by Lieutenant, as the literal and accredited meaning of the word. ] admit with Dr. Adam and with M., that the rank and duties of the " Legatus" in the Roman army are similar to those of our Lieutenant-General: but we attach the epithet General because there are with us subordinate Lieutenants; in the Roman miliVOL. XXVI. CI. JI. NO. LII.

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tary nomenclature, all the Legati are of the same grade, and second in command in the army. I am, nevertheless, of opinion that, in versions from the Latin, it is better, in most instances, to anglicise the Roman terms. Thus, Legatus, Legate; Centurion for Centurio, &c.

M. objects to my expression (which by the way is not part of the translation), "durst not attack them :" he may, if he pleases, substitute, "did not attack them."-An army in campaign is subject to continual vicissitude. Let M. notice that which awaited the fortunes of the Consul and his enemy the Æqui, who, in the end, were totally routed. And this result, which M. ought to have read, altogether disproves his charge of cowardice against Furius; whose hopes of retrieving past disasters were not, as your correspondent states, rain; but, as the historian says, realized.

For "And the Consul" M. is of opinion I had better substitute "The Consul also." As indifferent as this small alteration may seem, it would lead the mind to erroneous anticipation. Thus," he fell while vigorously encountering the enemy" immediately preceding "The Consul also," the mistaken notion would be excited in the reader's mind, that something like a similar fate was about to be told of him.

It appears to me, after revision of this passage, that et in Latin, like d in the Greek with its adjunct pèv, is sometimes solely indicative of the emphasis or antithesis on the words before which this particle stands.

"Et Consul" is in antithesis with Furium Legatum, in the preceding sentence.-The English would clearly read better without my "and" or M.'s" also."

"Resolved upon battle" (my version for conversus ad pugnam), is termed a "singularly erroneous interpretation;" for M. imagines it would be inferred that "such an idea had for the first time entered into the mind of the Consul." I should consider such conclusion unwarrantable. In the checkered fortune of war, a General may be said to have resolved upon battle; but such expression by no means justifies the inference, that no fight has recently taken place.

It cannot be said that the Consul "returned to the fight," as M. would amend the translation; for he had not retreated. We are told a few lines above, that he had merely halted, substitit. Let Livy explain himself.-The verb concerto with the preposition ad, as in the sentence under notice, is used in the following extracts, in the meaning of to fix the mind upon, to resolve or determine. "Ad crudelem superbamque vim animum conver

tit:" lib. iii, 44. "Animum ad agros colendum convertere:" lib. i, 25. "Animum ad negotia urbana convertere :" lib. i, 25. Numerous other instances may be quoted. "Nuncio circumventi fratris conversus ad pugnam," or, according to another excellent reading, " ad pugnandum;" supplying after "conversus" the ellipsis animo or animum, we may translate, ad literam, "On the message of his brother being surrounded, having decided on attack," &c. In the ancient Mss., where there is no distinction of words, the substantive in the accusative, and the particle, thus, PUGNAM DUM, and the gerund of Pugno, thus, PUGNANDUM, might by copyists have been easily taken for each other. Some manuscripts show the latter; but without such authority the reading might be adopted, if it would mend the passage. Yet, as I have asserted, (which I did without having seen Drackenborch's corroborative opinion,) the common reading is quite intelligible. If the passage be susceptible of improvement, I am inclined to think this might be effected by reading" ad pugnandum." The version of the clause would then be, "On the message of his brother being surrounded, having decided on attack, he throws himself with more temerity than caution into the midst of the conflict; being wounded, he was with difficulty rescued by his soldiers around him," &c. The improvement is both in the elucidation of the meaning of the historian, and the latinity. By this reading some ambiguity is removed; inasmuch as " ad pugnam" leaves us in doubt whether to understand the fight in which part of the Consul's forces were engaged while he was halting, or the attack he himself was about to make with his own division: whereas "ad pugnandum" limits the meaning to the evident fact; it also clears the passage of dum as a particle, which is better out of the way. "Dum infert" by the construction should be accompanied by another verb in the same tense, which does not appear; add to this, the narration proceeds with more of the true Livian rapidity, accordant to the eventful crisis. And all this, let it be noted, is effected by the omission of a single stroke of a letter in the ancient Mss.-a justifiable emendation. M.'s version of “ more determined," "more confident," is very well for ferociores: but our language does not furnish a single word sufficiently strong for ferox; the same may be said of atrox; unless indeed by the same words anglicised, as they are in ferocious and atrocious: an óuoopavía seems intended in the termination or, indicative of violence, shock, and tumult. The original idea of ferox seems to be terrible in action; of atrox, terrible in appearance; the former plainly derivable (as many other Latin words are) from the He

brew verb fārāj or fārāz, “to break through,” or “ rush with violence," making in the infinitive farōj or färōz. In the imperative it is precisely the Latin ferox, fěrōz, the first vowel extremely short. They in Hebrew, and the x as it is this day sounded by the Spaniards and Portuguese, and very probably was by the Romans of old, being uttered with the strong emission of the j by the French in jolie; for this sound gives the very opolopovía indicative, either simply or metaphorically, of all the meanings in which we see both the Hebrew and the

Latin ferox applied.

The colon after "viribus pares," which I recommended to be placed there instead of D. B. H's comma, was suggested by mere attention to the subject, before I saw Drakenborch's text, for which no kind of merit is claimed; though I am happy in coinciding with this learned editor in that punctuation.

I thank M. for his emendation in the placing a comma, instead of colon, before the words, "When the Romans driven back, &c." M. says, "J. W. seems evidently to have imagined that the obscurity in Livy's language was to be obviated by the nice construction of the verb obsiderentur, which he renders, were again suffering siege;' but it was incumbent on him to point out the possibility of understanding the word in a different sense, which, if I am not greatly mistaken, he would have found no trivial onus probandi." This observation I do not understand; and am ready to suppose there is either a misprint, or that your correspondent meant to write impossibility. For, levissimum sane est onus probandi; or rather it is self-apparent, that obsiderentur, &c. have been and are taken in a different sense by D. B. H., M., and others. My department is to point out, that these words must be confined to the meaning only in which numbers with myself have accurately translated them by "were again suffering siege."

Verbs in the tense of obsiderentur ever denote incipient, progressive, indeterminate, or connected action or passion. To esta blish this rule, let Phædrus take the lead:

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Athenæ quum florerent æquis legibus:

When Athens was florishing, &c. This happy state was not momentaneous and gone, for during this

Procax libertas civitatem miscuit.

Again, Uxorem quondam Sol quum vellet ducere:

Once on a time when Sol had a mind to marry, it was during, and in progress of this inclination, that

"Clamorem Ranæ sustulere ad sidera,

Next, Os devoratum fauce quum hæreret Lupi:

As a bone had been devoured, and was sticking in the Wolf's throat, it was during the suffering that

Magno dolore victus cœpit singulos
Illicere pretio, &c.

Now for Cicero, in his beautifully descriptive epistle: "Ex
Asia rediens cum ab Egina Megaram versus navigarem"-On
my return out of Asia, while I was sailing from Ægina towards
Megara," post me erat Ægina, ante Megara," &c.

But an entire Number of your Journal, Mr. Editor, might be covered with evidence that "quum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur" is correctly translated, "when the Romans driven back into their camp were again suffering siege."

The adverb deinde is quite in its place, and, in my opinion, unattended with any obscurity.-It may be literally translated henceforth: that is—after the death of the Legate, and the wound of the Consul.

Sustineo has its common meaning; it is quasi, meipsum teneo sub irruentem aliquem.-There may be a "parallel" meaning to the Greek verbs σréyw and άñоστéуw; but Dr. Blomfield on revisal of his Glossary will desire to be not only parallel but ON the line of truth, and may perhaps improve it by giving us the manifest meaning of arceo or inhibeo, defendo or propulso.

Thus, Δυσμενέων δ' ὄχλον Πύργος ἀποστέγοι, of Æschylus S. c. Th., Hostium multitudinem Turris propulset. This sublime Tragedian abounds in Oriental metaphors and Hebraisms. Пúgyos is personified, and is a close resemblance to the 3d verse of the 61st Psalm, in which David compares the Almighty to a "Tower of strength,", translated by the Septuaginta πύργος ἰσχύος. A similar instance of the personification of Πύρο yos occurs in the Ed. Tyr. of Sophocles vs. 1198.

Ω Ζεῦ κατὰ μὲν φθίσας τὴν γαμψώνυκα
Παρθένον χρησμῳδόν

θανάτων δ' ἐμᾷ χώρα Πύργος ἀνέστας· κ. τ. λ.

As to the favorite phrase of Livy," summa rerum," it may appear vague; it is nevertheless with the context always intelligible. The expression in English which comes nearest to it, and is the most literal version, is "most important interests," "best interests," "" dearest interests," which will suit almost every passage. Thus "Consilia populi, exercitus vocati, summa rerum,

For thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong Tower from the enemy.

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