or on any territory so designated shall be taken except at the invitation or with the consent of the government concerned.

ARTICLE V

The Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented, to consider matters concerning the implementation of this Treaty. The Coucnil shall provide for consultation with regard to military and any other planning as the situation obtaining in the treaty area may from time to time require. The Council shall be so organized as to be able to meet at any time.

ARTICLE VI

This Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations of any of the Parties under the Charter of the United Nations or the responsibility of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security. Each Party declares that none of the international engagements now in force between it and any other of the Parties or any third party is in conflict with the provisions of this Treaty, and undertakes not to enter into any international engagement in conflict with this Treaty.

ARTICLE VII

Any other State in a position to further the objectives of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the area may, by unanimous agreement of the Parties, be invited to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. The Government of the Republic of the Philippines shall inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession.

ARTICLE VIII

As used in this Treaty, the "treaty area" is the general area of Southeast Asia, including also the entire territories of the Asian Parties, and the general area of the Southwest Pacific not including the Pacific area north of 21 degrees 30 minutes north latitude. The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, amend this Article to include within the treaty area the territory of any State acceding to this Treaty in accordance with Article VII or otherwise to change the treaty area.

ARTICLE IX

1. This Treaty shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that government to the other signatories.

2. The Treaty shall be ratified and its provisions carried out by the Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited as soon as possible with the Government of the Republic of the Philippines, which shall notify all of the other signatories of such deposit.

3. The Treaty shall enter into force between the States which have ratified it as soon as the instruments of ratification of a majority of

the signatories shall have been deposited, and shall come into effect with respect to each other State on the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification.

ARTICLE X

This Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but any Party may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation has been given to the Government of the Republic of the Philippines, which shall inform the Governments of the other Parties of the deposit of each notice of denunciation.

ARTICLE XI

The English text of this Treaty is binding on the Parties, but when the Parties have agreed to the French text thereof and have so notified the Government of the Republic of the Philippines, the French text shall be equally authentic and binding on the Parties.

UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America in executing the present Treaty does so with the understanding that its recognition of the effect of aggression and armed attack and its agreement with reference thereto in Article IV, paragraph 1, apply only to communist aggression but affirms that in the event of other aggression or armed attack it will consult under the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 2.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Treaty.

DONE at Manila, this eighth day of September, 1954.

[Plenipotentiaries omitted. List of signatory nations: Australia, France, New Zeland, Pakistan, the Republic of the Philippines, the Kingdom of Thailand, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America.]

PROTOCOL TO THE SOUTHEAST ASIA COLLECTIVE DEFENSE TREATY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1954

DESIGNATION OF STATES AND TERRITORY AS TO WHICH PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE IV AND ARTICLE III ARE TO BE APPLICABLE

The Parties to the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty unanimously designate for the purposes of Article IV of the Treaty the States of Cambodia and Laos and the free territory under the jurisdiction of the State of Vietnam.

The Parties further agree that the above mentioned states and territory shall be eligible in respect of the economic measures contemplated by Article III.

This Protocol shall enter into force simultaneously with the coming into force of the Treaty.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Protocol to the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty. DONE at Manila, this eighth day of September, 1954.

[Plenipotentiaries omitted. For list of signatory nations see above this page.]

The Rearmament of Japan

175. JOINT STATEMENT BY UNITED STATES SECRETARY OF STATE (DULLES) AND DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN (SHIGEMITSU) ON JAPAN'S ECONOMIC AND DEFENSE PROBLEMS, AUGUST 31, 1955 (EXCERPT) 1

Mamoru Shigemitsu, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Japan, has concluded three days of discussions with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and other high United States officials.

The Foreign Minister was accompanied among others by Ichiro Kono, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry; Nobusuke Kishi, Secretary-General of the Japan Democratic Party; Ambassador to the United States Sadao Iguchi; Ambassador Toshikazu Kase, Japan's Permanent Observer to the United Nations; and Takizo Matsumoto, Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary.

American officials in addition to the Secretary of State who met with the Foreign Minister and members of his party included: Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover, Jr.; Deputy Secretary of Defense Reuben B. Robertson, Jr.; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Arthur W. Radford; Mr. John Hollister, Director of the International Cooperation Administration; Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy; Assistant Secretary of Defense Gordon Gray; Ambassador to Japan John M. Allison; and Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs William J. Sebald.

A free and frank exchange of views from the global viewpoint was held concerning more recent international developments, notably the implications of the "Summit" meeting at Geneva, the present United Nations discussions on disarmament, and the impending Conference of Foreign Ministers at Geneva. The Far Eastern situation was also discussed. Secretary Dulles explained the policy of the United States to support freedom firmly while exploring patiently every avenue which may lead to the enhancement of general peace. Foreign Minister Shigemitsu drew on his experience in the Soviet Union and China in interpreting his nation's policies. The Secretary of State and the Foreign Minister concurred in the view that while the immediate danger of major war had perhaps receded there still remain elements of uncertainty in the situation, particularly in the Far East, and that the continued solidarity of the free world is needed to maintain improved prospects of peace.

The Foreign Minister expressed Japan's resolve to maintain cooperation with the United States and the free world as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. In this connection the Secretary of State and the Foreign Minister, recognizing the desirability of closer cooperation between their countries for the purpose of securing stability and enduring peace in the Far East, agreed that consultations between their Governments should continue on various problems of mutual concern. The basic problems of Japanese security were discussed. The Foreign Minister indicated that Japan's defense strength has now reached a considerable level and expressed the firm determination that the policy of progressive increase will be continued within the limit of Japan's capacity. He explained the plans for increasing Japan's defense capabilities recently formulated by the Japanese defense

Department of State Bulletin, September 12, 1955, p. 419.

authorities. It was agreed that these plans should be studied in the course of the continuing consultations in Tokyo on United StatesJapanese defense relationships and should be reviewed from time to time in the light of strategic requirements.

1

It was agreed that efforts should be made, whenever practicable on a cooperative basis, to establish conditions such that Japan could, as rapidly as possible, assume primary responsibility for the defense of its homeland and be able to contribute to the preservation of international peace and security in the Western Pacific. It was also agreed that when such conditions are brought about it would be appropriate to replace the present Security Treaty with one of greater mutuality. With the conclusion of such a treaty as an objective, it was further agreed that consultations would take place in Tokyo between Japanese and United States representatives on defense problems and that in such consultations consideration will be given to the establishment of schedules for the progressive withdrawal of United States ground forces as Japan's own defense capacity increases and taking into account the related situation in Asia.

On the problem of Japan's financial contribution to the support of United States forces in Japan, there was agreement on the desirability of establishing a general formula for progressive reduction over the next several years.

Throughout these talks the representatives of the United States and Japan recognized that Japan, as a major power in Asia, should play an active role in friendly cooperation with other Asian nations in contributing to stability and peace in Asia. They agreed that in view of Japan's efforts to establish internal stability, reconstruct the national economy and strengthen its defense capacity, there is a firmer basis for continuing cooperation between the United States and Japan. Foreign Minister Shigemitsu and Secretary of State Dulles confirmed anew the determination of their Governments to expand this relationship further so that they together and with others may pursue their work for the consolidation of world peace and freedom.

(3) The Middle East

[Relationships between three Western Powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) and the Middle East are reflected in a complex pattern of treaties and agreements covering security, air bases, and military assistance. A major consideration of the Western Powers has been the defense of this area against possible Soviet aggression. In the meantime, the achievement of independence by a number of Arab States in the postwar era was followed by a movement for a closer union among Arab States, which is also reflected in a number of treaties. Stimulus for these treaties, in part, came from the creation of the new state of Israel. With two major sources of tension Soviet pressure and Arab-Israeli animosity-the control of armaments in the Middle East is intimately related to the problems of security in that area.]

1 For text, see Document 170 above.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARAB STATES

176. PACT BETWEEN THE ARAB LEAGUE STATES, MARCH 22, 19451 His Excellency the President of the Syrian Republic;

His Royal Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan;

His Majesty the King of Iraq;

His Majesty the King of Saudi Arabia;

His Excellence the President of the Lebanese Republic;

His Majesty the King of Egypt;

His Majesty the King of Yemen;

Desirous of strengthening the close relations and numerous ties which link the Arab States;

And anxious to support and stabilize these ties upon a basis of respect for the independence and sovereignty of these states, and to direct their efforts toward the common good of all the Arab countries, the improvement of their status, the security of their future, the realization of their aspirations and hopes;

And responding to the wishes of Arab public opinion in all Arab lands;

Have agreed to conclude a Pact to that end and have appointed as their representatives the persons whose names are listed hereinafter:

[Here follows a list of the representatives.]

who, after having exchanged their plenary powers which were found to be in good and due form, have agreed upon the following provision:

ARTICLE 1

The League of Arab States is composed of the independent Arab States which have signed this Pact.

Any independent Arab State has the right to become a member of the League. If it desires to do so, it shall submit a request which will be deposited with the Permanent Secretariat General and submitted to the Council at the first meeting held after submission of the request.

ARTICLE 2

The League has as its purpose the strengthening of the relations between the member states; the coordination of their policies in order to achieve cooperation between them and to safeguard their independence and sovereignty; and a general concern with the affairs and interests of the Arab countries. It has also as its purpose the close cooperation of the member states, with due regard to the organization and circumstances of each state, on the following matters:

A. Economic and financial affairs, including commercial relations, customs, currency, and questions of agriculture and industry.

B. Communications; this includes railroads, roads, aviation, navigation, telegraphs, and posts.

C. Cultural affairs.

D. Nationality, passports, visas, execution of judgments, and extradition of criminals.

E. Social affairs.

F. Health problems.

1 Department of State Bulletin, May 18, 1947, pp. 967-970.