would be to base representation in the conference on the amount of force the different states could contribute towards the effort to maintain the balance of power, in the interests of neutrality between all the nations of the earth.

The CHAIRMAN. Shall we not be favored with further remarks?

Mr. THEODORE N. VANDER LYN. Mr. Chairman: I believe there are two conceptions of neutrality; one the affirmative and the other the negative. I believe there exists in neutrality or neutralization a twofold aspect. I believe there is an affirmative neutrality, such for instance as Switzerland has maintained until to-day. Neutrality, if defined in a very terse manner, means "to mind one's own business." Neutrality is only valid so far as we are able to defend it with efficiency; and to defend neutrality with efficiency, two factors again come into consideration, namely, the satisfaction of moral intelligence and the development of ethic-æsthetic intelligence. If I were asked my opinion about the neutrality of Switzerland, of which I am able to speak, being a born Swiss, I would say that Switzerland is able to maintain her neutrality because she is able to satisfy the moral intelligence and by "moral intelligence" I mean that it is able to efficiently utilize the moral forces as a defense. Now, as to the ethic-æsthetic intelligence, which plays a most important rôle in neutrality, I might say that it lies in the cultural standard of a nation. Senator La Fontaine has mentioned that war is unlawful. As a matter of fact, war is unlawful. It is not, as law is, a factor of human culture; but war is the result of human nature, and that is what I would bring to your attention. We have to reckon with human nature before we speak of international organization. I would suggest that we should first organize the nations themselves; I mean, that every nation above all should be an efficient organization in itself, and I believe if every nation organizes itself efficiently, we do not need any international organization. This is a difficult question, as exAmbassador Hill has mentioned, because it needs not only the satisfaction of moral intelligence, but it needs the promotion of ethic-æsthetic intelligence, out of which grows culture and law. Diplomacy and international law are all results of human culture, and if sometimes this human culture has not been able to answer the requirements of and to overcome human nature, out of which grows selfishness, and, of course, war, then we can only in the future do our best to promote human culture in every way possible. The CHAIRMAN. Further remarks are still invited.

Professor ION. I would like to ask the last speaker a question: What would culture avail, if you did not have the physical force necessary?

Mr. VANDER LYN. I spoke first of moral intelligence, and that satisfies the necessity for physical force. One must always start with human nature. Human nature exists and human culture means its improvement.

The CHAIRMAN. Shall we have any further remarks? The Chair ventures to assume that a subject which produces disagreement among great men can scarcely be exhausted.

(No response.)

The CHAIRMAN. If no one else is willing to contribute to the discussion, it will be declared concluded.

BUSINESS MEETING

The next in order is the business meeting of the Society. The first item of business is the report of the Nominating Committee. Professor Hyde? Mr. CHARLES CHENEY HYDE, for the Committee on Nominations, reported the following nominations for officers for the year 1917-1918:

Upon motion, duly made and seconded, the Recording Secretary was instructed to cast a single ballot of the Society for the above candidates. The Secretary cast the ballot and the nominees were declared unanimously elected.

The CHAIRMAN. The next is the report of the Standing Committee on the Teaching of International Law.

Professor PHILIP M. BROWN. In the absence of the chairman, who is unavoidably detained, I have been asked to present this report. It has been printed, and copies will be distributed among you.

Professor Brown read the following report:

REPORT OF THE

STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

ON THE

STUDY AND TEACHING OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATED SUBJECTS

A Conference of Teachers of International Law and Related Subjects was held in Washington, April 23-25, 1914. Resolutions were adopted by this Conference (Proceedings American Society of International Law, 1914, p. 317) recommending that the American Society of International Law appoint a Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law and Related Subjects.

At the meeting of the Executive Council of the Society on April 25, 1914 (ibid., p. 246), the appointment of such a Committee was voted, and the following members of the Society were subsequently appointed:

This Committee considered, as instructed, nine of the resolutions offered by the Conference of Teachers of International Law and Related Subjects, and reported to the Society at its annual meeting, April 27-29, 1916 (Proceedings 1916, p. 171). This report was accepted and its recommendations adopted at this meeting (ibid., p. 123), and a motion proposing a summer conference on International Law was referred to the Standing Committee for consideration (ibid., p. 133).

At a meeting of the Executive Council, April 29, 1916 (ibid., p. 169), the following resolution was adopted:

Resolved, That the Executive Council hereby accepts with thanks the money offered to the Society by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace for the work of the Society in connection with the Study and Teaching of International Law and Related Subjects, and hereby appropriates the same to the use of its Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law and Related Subjects to be expended on requisition approved by the Chairman of the Standing Committee drawn on the Treasurer of the Society.

The Standing Committee met on December 2, 1916, and after discussion recommended that a Summer Conference on International Law be held under the auspices of the American Society of International Law. It also adopted the following resolution:

Resolved, That it is the understanding of the Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law and Related Subjects that no academic credit shall be given for any work done at the proposed Summer Conference on International Law, to be held under the auspices of the American Society of International Law.

The Standing Committee also requested an early meeting of the Executive Council of the Society to consider the advisability of holding a Summer Conference on International Law in 1917.

The Standing Committee also formulated regulations for the establishment of fellowships for the Study of International Law and Related Subjects.

The Committee was informed that funds for carrying on the Summer Conference and for establishing the fellowships would probably be appropriated by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

The Committee was informed on January 4, 1917, that the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace had adopted the following resolutions:

Resolved, That the sum of twelve thousand five hundred dollars be, and the same is hereby, allotted from the appropriation for the Division of International Law for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, to be expended by the Director of the Division of International Law to secure a summer conference on International Law; provided that the objects and work of such a conference shall not duplicate or overlap the objects and work of the annual meeting of the American Society of International Law.

Resolved, That the sum of eight thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars be, and the same is hereby, allotted from the appropriation for the Division of International Law for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, for the establishment of fellowships of International Law by the Division of International Law of the Endowment, in accordance with the recommendations and regulations of the Standing Committee of the American Society of International Law on the Study and Teaching of International Law and Related Subjects.

At a meeting of the Standing Committee on February 24, 1917, the above resolutions were discussed and "It was considered that the attaching of conditions to the Endowment's grant would subject both the Endowment and the Society to criticism, and it was suggested that, in the interest of both organizations, the condition should be withdrawn." (Records of meeting of Committee, February 24, 1917.)

The matters involved in the above resolutions and in the action of the Standing Committee were considered at a meeting of the Executive Council of the Society on March 10, 1917, and the Executive Council adopted the following resolutions:

Resolved, That it is the sense of the Executive Council that nothing in the way of a summer school or summer conference on International Law, as proposed by the Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law, should be established which would interfere with the regular meeting of the Society held in Washington each year.

Resolved, That, while the Executive Council believes that a summer conference on International Law as recommended by the Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law would be desirable, it does not think it is expedient for the Society to organize such a conference under its auspices.

Resolved, That the recommendations of the Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law for the establishment of fellowships of International Law by the American Society of International Law be not approved.

Resolved, That the resolution of the Council, previously adopted at its present meeting, regarding the desirability of holding a summer conference on International Law under auspices other than the Society refers only to such conferences as shall not duplicate or overlap the activities of the annual meeting of the American Society of International Law.

The Standing Committee has also considered the subject of visiting lecturers on International Law, and the subject of classroom instruction; but is not prepared to offer any recommendation upon these matters.

The above report is respectfully submitted by the Standing Committee on the Study and Teaching of International Law and Related Subjects, and the Committee requests that it be discharged.

Respectfully submitted,

GEORGE G. WILSON, Chairman.

Mr. CHARLES G. FENWICK. I should like to inquire of the committee its reasons for having decided that it would not be wise to establish such a summer conference under the auspices of the Society. Would there be any objection to our having some light upon their conclusions as to why they reached that negative opinion?

Professor BROWN. I think you must refer to the action of the Executive Council. The committee had nothing whatever to do with that, and, so far as the committee is concerned, we know no more than is officially contained in these resolutions. Perhaps some of the Council will answer you.

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any further remarks? (No response.)

(Whereupon, the report was unanimously adopted.)

Mr. SCOTT. Might I speak not to Mr. Fenwick's statement or question, but might I say that the members of the Standing Committee consented to act in their individual capacity as members of a Committee on International Law Fellowships, that some forty applications for fellowships have been presented from leading institutions, and that this committee has made recommendations, so that there will be appointed this year five fellows of international law to attend different universities to fit themselves for the purpose of teaching, and five fellows to complete their studies in international law. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace will accept these recommendations. As a matter of course, it has already pledged itself to do so in advance, and the fellowship part of this recommendation will be put into effect.

In regard to the second matter here mentioned, namely, a summer conference on international law, steps will be taken to put into effect the recommendations of the Standing Committee for a conference on interna