the West India Company revoked his commission and appointed Peter Stuyvesant to succeed him. Kieft embarked for Europe; but the ship in which he sailed was wrecked on the coast of Wales, and the guilty governor found a grave in the sea.

RECAPITULATION.

The East India Company govern Manhattan.-A colony is sent from Holland.-A charter is granted to the West India company.-The Walloons arrive at New Amsterdam.-May builds Fort Nassau.-Aud Jorris, Fort Orange.-May is governor. And then Verhulst.-And Minuit.-Manhattan is purchased.— And fortified.-Friendly relations of the Walloons and the Puritans.--The Dutch devote themselves to the fur-trade.-Growth of the colony.-A charter is granted. The patroons.-Five manors are laid out.-Delaware is colonized.And then abandoned.-Van Twiller succeeds Minuit.-A fort is built at Hartford.-The English claim the Connecticut.-Sweden proposes to plant an American colony.-The project is delayed.-But renewed.-A colony reaches the Delaware.-Settles at Christiana.-Is prosperous.-New Netherland is jealous.-Fort Nassau is rebuilt.-Printz removes to Tinicum.--The Indian War breaks out.-The Mohawks come.-Kieft massacres the Algonquins.-The war continues.-Fate of Mrs. Hutchinson.- Underhill conquers the Indians.Kieft the author of the war.-Stuyvesant succeeds him.

CHAPTER XIX.

NEW YORK.-ADMINISTRATION OF STUYVESANT.

PETER

ETER STUYVESANT entered upon his duties on the 11th of May, 1647, and continued in office for seventeen years. His first care was to conciliate the Indians. So intimate and cordial became the relations between the natives and the Dutch that they were suspected of making common cause against the English. Massachusetts was alarmed lest such an alliance should be formed. But the policy of Stuyvesant was based on nobler principles.

2. Until now the West India Company had had exclusive control of the commerce of New Netherland. In 1648 this monopoly was abolished, and regular export duties were substituted. The

benefit of the change was soon apparent in the improvement of the Dutch province. In a letter written to Stuyvesant by the secretary of the company, the prediction was made that the commerce of New Amsterdam should cover every ocean, and the ships of all nations crowd into her harbor. But for many years the growth of the city was slow. The better parts of Manhattan Island were still divided among the farmers. Central Park was a forest of oaks and chestnuts.

3. In 1650 the boundary was fixed between New England and New Netherland. The line extended across Long Island north and south, passing through Oyster Bay, and thence to Greenwich, on the other side of the sound. From this point northward the dividing-line was nearly identical with the present boundary of Connecticut on the west. This treaty was ratified by the colonies, by the West India Company, and by the States-General of Holland; but England treated the matter with indifference.

4. Stuyvesant now determined to subdue the colony of New Sweden. In 1651, an armament left New Amsterdam for the Delaware. On the present site of New Castle, Fort Casimir was built and garrisoned with Dutch soldiers. The Swedish settlement of Christiana was almost in sight of this fortress, and a conflict could not be avoided. Rising, the governor of the Swedes, waited until Fort Casimir was completed, then captured the place by stratagem, and hoisted the flag of Sweden.

5. It was a short-lived triumph. The West India Company at once issued orders to Stuyvesant to compel the Swedish colonists to submit. In September of 1655, the old governor, at the head of six hundred troops, sailed against New Sweden. Before the 25th of the month every fort belonging to the Swedes had been forced to surrender. Honorable terms were granted to all, and in a few days the authority of New Netherland was established. The little State of New Sweden had ceased to exist. The possessions of the various nations in America may be studied from the accompanying map, drawn for the year 1655.

6. While Stuyvesant was absent on his expedition against the Swedes, the Algonquins rose in rebellion. In a fleet of sixtyfour canoes they appeared before New Amsterdam, yelling and

discharging arrows. After paddling about until their rage was spent, the savages went on shore and began to burn and murder. The return of the Dutch from Delaware induced the chiefs

taken. In May of 1664, a treaty of peace was concluded.

8. Governor Stuyvesant had great difficulty in defending his province against the claims of other nations. Discord at home added to his embarrassments. For many years the Dutch had witnessed the growth and prosperity of the English colonies. Boston had outgrown New Amsterdam. The schools of Massachusetts and Connecticut flourished; the academy on Manhattan, after a sickly career of two years, was discontinued. In New Netherland heavy taxes were levied for the support of the poor; New England had no poor. The Dutch grew emulous of the progress of their neighbors, and attributed their own want of thrift to the mismanagement of the West India Company.

9. On the 12th of March, 1664, the duke of York received