5. In 1629 he made a visit to Virginia. The general assembly offered him citizenship, but required such an oath of allegiance as no honest Catholic could take. Lord Baltimore thereupon left the narrow-minded legislators; returned to London; drew up a charter for a new State on the Chesapeake; and induced King Charles to sign it.

6. The boundaries of Sir George's province may be learned by an examination of Map II. The provisions of the charter were

ample. No preference was given to any particular relig ion. The lives and property of the colo

nists were carefully guarded. Arbitrary taxation was forbidden. The power of

LORD BALTIMORE.

making the laws was conceded to the freemen of the colony. 7. Before the patent could receive the seal of state, Sir George Calvert died. His title descended to his son Cecil; and to him, on the 20th of June, 1632, the charter was issued. In honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., the name of MARYLAND was conferred on the new province. It only remained for the younger Lord Baltimore to raise a company of emigrants and carry out his father's designs. In the fall of 1633, a colony numbering two hundred persons was collected. Leonard Calvert, a brother of Cecil, was appointed to accompany the colonists to America.

8. In March of 1634, the immigrants arrived at Old Point Comfort. They proceeded up the bay and ascended the Potomac to the mouth of Piscataway Creek. A conference was held

with the chiefs of an Indian village, who told Calvert that he and his colony might stay or go just as they pleased. Considering this answer as a threat, Calvert again embarked, and dropped down stream to the mouth of the St. Mary's. Finding a half deserted Indian village, the English moved into the vacant huts. The rest of the town was purchased; and the name of ST. MARY'S was given to the colony.

9. Friendly relations were established with the natives. The Indian women taught the wives of the English how to make corn-bread, and the warriors instructed the colonists in the art of hunting. There was neither anxiety nor want in the colony. Within six months the settlement had grown into greater prosperity than Jamestown had reached in as many years.

10. In February of 1635, a general assembly was convened and the work of legislation begun. Soon the province was involved in difficulty. For Clayborne, with his companions on Kent Island, resisted Lord Baltimore's authority. In 1637, a bloody skirmish occurred on the eastern shore of the bay. Several lives were lost, but Clayborne's followers were defeated. Calvert's forces

overpowered the settlement on Kent Island and executed one or two of the rebels. Clayborne escaped into Virginia, and the governor sent him to England for trial. There he appealed to the king. The cause was heard by Parliament, and it was decided that his commission was null and void.

11. In 1639 a representative government was established in Maryland. Hitherto a system of democracy had prevailed; each freeman had been allowed a vote in determining the laws. When the new delegates came together, a declaration of rights was adopted. All the liberal principles of the colonial patent were reaffirmed. The rights of citizenship were declared to be the same with those of the people of England.

12. In 1642 Indian hostilities were begun on the Potomac. But the settlements of Maryland were compact, and no great suffering was occasioned. In 1644 the savages agreed to bury the hatchet and to renew the pledges of friendship. Hardly, however, had the echo of war died away, when the colony was troubled by the return of its old enemy-Clayborne.

13. Arriving in the province in 1644, he began to tell the lawless spirits of the colony that they were wronged and oppressed by the government. An insurrection broke out. The government of

Calvert was overthrown, and the governór obliged to fly to Virginia. Clayborne seized the records of Maryland, and destroyed them. For more than a year the colony was controlled by the insurgents. Soon, however, Calvert collected troops, defeated the rebels, and in 1646 restored his authority.

14. In 1650 the legislature of Maryland was divided into two branches. The rights of Lord Baltimore were defined by law. An act was passed declaring that no taxes should be levied without the consent of the assembly. Such was the condition of affairs in the colony when the commonwealth was established in England. 15. In 1651 parliamentary commissioners came to America to assume control of Maryland. Stone, the deputy of Baltimore, was deposed from office; but in the following year he was permitted to resume the government. In April of 1653 he published a proclamation declaring that the recent interference had been a rebellion. Clayborne thereupon collected a force in Virginia, drove Stone out of office, and directed the government himself.

16. In 1654 a Protestant assembly was convened at Patuxent. The supremacy of Cromwell was acknowledged, and the Catholics were deprived of the protection of the laws. Civil war ensued. Governor Stone armed the militia, and seized the records of the colony. A battle was fought near Annapolis, and the Catholics were defeated, with a loss of fifty men. Stone was taken prisoner, but was saved from death by the friendship of some of the insurgents. Three of the Catholics were tried and executed.

17. In 1656 Josias Fendall was sent out as governor of the province. For two years the government was divided, the Catholics exercising authority at St. Mary's, and the Protestants at Leonardstown. In 1658 a compromise was effected; Fendall was acknowledged as governor, and the acts of the Protestant assembly were recognized as valid.

18. After the death of Cromwell, Maryland was declared independent. On the 12th of March, 1660, the rights of Lord Baltimore were set aside, and the whole power of government was assumed

by the House of Burgesses. On the restoration of monarchy the Baltimores were again recognized, and Philip Calvert was sent out as governor. Fendall had resigned his trust and accepted an election by the people. He was now condemned on a charge of treason. Lord Baltimore, however, proclaimed a general pardon.

19. From 1675 to 1691, Charles Calvert was governor of Maryland. Only once during this period was the happiness of the colony disturbed. After the abdication of James II., the deputy of Lord Baltimore hesitated to acknowledge William and Mary. A rumor was spread abroad that the Catholics had leagued with the Indians to destroy the Protestants. In 1689 the Catholic party was compelled to surrender the government. For two years the Protestants held the province, and exercised civil authority.

20. On the 1st of June, 1691, the charter of Lord Baltimore was taken away, and a royal governor appointed. Sir Lionel Copley received a commission, and assumed the government in 1692. The Episcopal Church was established by law. Religious toleration was abolished and the government administered on despotic principles. This condition of affairs continued until 1715, when Queen Anne restored the heir of Lord Baltimore to the rights of his ancestor. Maryland remained under the authority of the Calverts until the Revolution.

RECAPITULATION.

Clayborne explores the Chesapeake.--Establishes trading-posts.-Sir George Calvert plans a colony.-Sends a company to Newfoundland.-Goes to Virginia. Returns to England.-Obtains a charter.-Character of the patent.Calvert dies.-Sir Cecil succeeds him.-The name of Maryland.-A colony is sent out under Leonard Calvert.-Founds St. Mary's.-Friendly relations with the Indians.--Growth of the colony.-An assembly is convened.-Clayborne's insurrection.--He escapes into Virginia.-Is sent to England.-Representative government established. -An Indian war breaks out.-Clayborne leads a second insurrection.-Overthrows the government.-The rebellion is suppressed.-Division of the legislature.-Commissioners are appointed by Parliament.-Dissensions of Stone and Clayborne.- The civil war.-Fendall's rebellion.-Maryland declares independence.-Fendall is condemned.-Charles Calvert is governor.-The Protestants gain control of the State.-Maryland a royal province.The heir of Baltimore regains his rights.-The Calverts rule the colony.

THE

CHAPTER XXVII.

NORTH CAROLINA.

HE first effort to colonize North Carolina was made by Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1630 the country was granted to Sir Robert Heath. But after thirty-three years, the patent was revoked by the English king. The name of CAROLINA had been. given to the country by John Ribault in 1562.

2. In the year 1622, the country was explored by Pory. Twenty years later a company of Virginians on the lower Roanoke established a trade with the natives. The first actual settlement was made on the Chowan about the year 1651. In 1661 a company of Puritans settled on Oldtown Creek. In 1663 Lord Clarendon, and seven other noblemen, received a grant of all the country between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St. John's.

3. In the same year William Drummond was chosen governor by the settlers on the Chowan, and the name of ALBEMARLE COUNTY COLONY was given to the district. In 1665 the Puritan colony on Cape Fear River was broken up by the Indians; but soon afterward the territory was purchased by a company of planters from Barbadoes. A new county named CLARENDON was laid out, and Sir John Yeamans elected governor.

4. The work of preparing a frame of government for the new province was assigned to Sir Ashley Cooper. The philosopher John Locke was employed by him and his associates to prepare the constitution. From March until July of 1669, Locke worked away in drawing up a plan which he called THE GRAND MODEL. It contained a hundred and twenty articles; and this was but the beginning! The empire of Carolina was divided into districts of four hundred and eighty thousand acres each. The offices were divided between two grand orders of nobility.