ure.

5. All attempts to establish the new government ended in failBut the settlers of Albemarle and Clarendon had meanwhile learned to govern themselves. They grew prosperous by trading in staves and furs; and when this traffic was exhausted, began to remove to other settlements. In 1671 Governor Yeamans was transferred to the new colony on Ashley River, and the whole county of Clarendon was surrendered to the natives.

6. The people of the colony were greatly oppressed with taxes. The trade with New England alone was weighed down with an annual duty of twelve thousand dollars. A gloomy opposition to the government prevailed; and when, in 1676, large numbers of refugees from Virginia arrived in Carolina, the discontent was kindled into an insurrection. The people seized Governor Miller and his council, and established a new government of their own. John Culpepper, the leader of the insurgents, was chosen governor. In 1679 Miller and his associates escaped from confinement and went to London. Governor Culpepper, who followed to defend himself, was seized, indicted for treason, tried and acquitted.

7. In 1680 Seth Sothel was sent out by the proprietors as governor of the province. In crossing the ocean he was captured by pirates, and did not arrive in Carolina until 1683. After five years of tyranny, the base, bad man was overthrown in an insurrection. Finding himself a prisoner, he begged to be tried by the assembly of the province. The request was granted, and the culprit escaped with less punishment than he deserved.

8. Sothel was succeeded by Ludwell, who arrived in 1689. His administration was a period of peace. In 1695 came Sir John Archdale. Then followed the administration of Governor Walker; then, in 1704, the attempt of Robert Daniel to establish the Church of England. In the mean time new settlers came from Virginia and Maryland-Quakers came from New England, Huguenots from France, and peasants from Switzerland.

9. The Indians of North Carolina gradually wasted away. Some of the nations were already extinct. The lands of the savages had passed to the whites, sometimes by purchase, sometimes by fraud. Of all the tribes of the Carolinas only the

Corees and the Tuscaroras were still formidable. jealous and went to war with the whites.

These grew

10. On the night of the 22d of September, 1711, the savages rose upon the scattered settlements, and murdered a hundred and thirty persons. Civil dissensions prevented the authorities from adopting vigorous measures of defence. But Colonel Barnwell came from South Carolina with a company of militia and friendly Indians; and the savages were driven into their fort. A treaty of peace was made; but Barnwell's men, on their way homeward, sacked an Indian village, and the war was at once renewed. 11. In the next year, Colonel Moore of South Carolina arrived with a regiment of whites and Indians, and the Tuscaroras were pursued to their fort on Cotentnea Creek. This place was carried by assault. Eight hundred warriors were taken prisoners. The power of the hostile nation was broken; and the Tuscaroras, abandoning their hunting-grounds, marched across Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, joined their kinsmen, of New York, and became the sixth nation of the Iroquois.

12. In 1729 a separation was effected between the two Carolinas, and a royal governor was appointed over each. In spite of many reverses, the northern colony had greatly prospered. Intellectual development had not been as rapid as the growth in numbers and wealth. Little attention had been given to questions of religion. There was no minister in the province until 1703. Two years later the first church was built. The printing-press did not begin its work until 1754. But the people were brave and patriotic. They loved their country, and called it the LAND OF SUMMER.

RECAPITULATION.

The name of Carolina.-Early explorations.-The country is granted to Clarendon and others.-Albemarle and Clarendon colonies are founded.-Cooper and Locke frame the Grand Model.-Clarendon county is abandoned.-The proprietors oppress the colonists.-A rebellion ensues.-Governor Culpepper goes to England. Sothel is sent out as governor.-He is overthrown.-Ludwell succeeds. And then Walker.-The colony prospers. - Decline of the Indian tribes.-A war breaks out.-Barnwell's expedition.- Peace.--And war again.--Moore invades the country of the Tuscaroras.-The savages are beaten.-The nation is divided. The Tuscarora migration.-Division of the Carolinas.-Character of the people.

IN

CHAPTER XXVIII.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

N January of 1670, the proprietors of Carolina sent out a colony under command of Joseph West and William Sayle. The new emigrants reached the mainland in the country of the Savannah. The vessels first anchored near the site of Beaufort. But the colonists, dissatisfied with the appearance of the country, sailed northward along the coast, and entered the mouth of Ashley River. On the first high land upon the southern bank were laid the foundations of Old Charleston, named in honor of Charles II.

2. Sayle had been commissioned as governor of the colony. The settlers soon organized a little government on the principles of common sense. Five councilors were elected by the people, and five others appointed by the proprietors. Twenty delegates, composing a house of representatives, were chosen by the colonists. Within two years the government was firmly established.

3. In 1671 Governor Sayle died, and West assumed the duties of the vacant office. In a few months Sir John Yeamans, who had been governor of the northern province, was commissioned as chief magistrate of the southern colony. He brought with him to Ashley River a cargo of African slaves. Thus the labor of the black man was substituted for the labor of the white man, and in less than two years slavery was firmly established. The importation of negroes went on so rapidly that they soon outnumbered the whites as two to one.

4. During the year 1671, the country was rapidly filled with people. Fertile lands were abundant. Wars and pestilence had almost destroyed the native tribes. The proprietors of Carolina sent several ships to New York, loaded them with the discontented people of that province, and brought them to Charleston.

Charles II. collected a company of Protestant refugees in Europe, and sent them to Carolina to introduce the silk-worm and to cultivate the grape.

5. In 1680 the present city of Charleston was founded. Thirty dwellings were erected during the first summer. The village immediately became the capital of the colony. The unhealthy climate retarded the progress of the new town, but the people were full of life and enterprise.

6. Soon a war broke out with the Nestoes, who lived in the neighborhood of Charleston. Scenes of violence occurred on the border, and a bounty was offered for every captured Indian. When the warriors were taken they were sold as slaves for the West Indies. The strife continued for a year, and was then concluded with a treaty of peace.

7. England, France, Scotland and Ireland all sent colonies to South Carolina. Especially did the French Huguenots come in great numbers; for they were now persecuted in their own country. They were met by the proprietors with a promise of citizenship; but the promise was not well kept; for the general assembly claimed the right of fixing the conditions of naturalization. Not until 1697 were all discriminations against the French immigrants removed.

8. In 1686 came James Colleton as governor. He began his administration with an attempt to establish the constitution prepared by Locke. Soon the colony was in a state of rebellion. The militia was called out and the province declared under martial law. But the people were only the more exasperated. In 1689 William and Mary were proclaimed as sovereigns, and Colleton was banished from the province.

9. Seth Sothel now repaired to Charleston and assumed the government. For a while he induced the people to sustain his authority. But after a turbulent rule of two years, he too was driven away. One bright page redeems the record of his administration. In May of 1691 equal rights were granted to the Huguenots. Philip Ludwell spent a year in a well-meant effort to administer the government; but the people were fixed in their dislike of the constitution, and Ludwell returned to Virginia.

10. In April of 1693, the proprietors of Carolina annulled the Grand Model, and Thomas Smith was appointed governor. He was soon superseded by John Archdale, a distinguished Quaker, under whose administration the colony entered upon a new career of prosperity. The quit-rents on lands were remitted for four years. The Indians were conciliated with kindness, and the Huguenots protected in their rights. It was a real misfortune when, in 1698, the good governor was recalled to England.

11. James Moore was next commissioned as chief magistrate. The first important act of his administration was a declaration of war against the Spaniards of St. Augustine. It was voted to raise and equip a force of twelve hundred men, and to invade Florida by land and water. In September of 1702, two expeditions departed, the land-forces led by Colonel Daniel and the fleet commanded by the governor.

12. The English vessels sailed to the St. John's. Daniel marched overland and captured St. Augustine. But the Spaniards withdrew without serious loss into the castle. Without artillery the place could not be taken. Two Spanish men-of-war appeared at the mouth of the St. John's, and the English ships were blockaded., Governor Moore, collecting his forces, hastily retreated into Carolina. The only results of the unfortunate expedition were debt and paper money.

13. In December of 1705, the governor led an expedition against the Indians. On the 14th of the month the invaders reached a fortified town near St. Mark's. The place was carried by assault, and more than two hundred prisoners were taken. On the next day Moore's forces defeated a large body of Indians and Spaniards. Five towns were carried in succession, and the English flag was borne to the Gulf of Mexico.

14. In the first year of Governor Johnson's administration, an act was passed disfranchising all dissenters from the English Church, but Parliament voted that the act was contrary to the laws of England. In November of the same year the colonial legislature revoked the law; but Episcopalianism continued to be the established faith of the province.

15. In the year 1706, Charleston was besieged by a French