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succeeded, however, in passing with his main division to Strasburg and escaping out of the valley.

15. Jackson now found himself in great peril. For General Fremont had been sent into the valley to intercept the ConfederBut Jackson succeeded in reaching Cross Keys before Fremont could attack him. The battle was so little decisive that

ate retreat.

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Jackson pressed on to Port

Republic, where he attacked. and defeated the division of General Shields.

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16. On the 10th of March, the Army of the Potomac, set out from the camps about Washington to capture the Confederate capital. The advance proceeded as far as Manassas Junction, where McClellan, changing his plan, embarked a hundred and twenty thousand of his men for Fortress Monroe. From that place, on the 4th of April, the Union army advanced to Yorktown. This place was defended by ten thousand Confederates, under General Magruder; and here McClellan's advance was de

orktown

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layed for a month. On the 4th of May, Yorktown was taken and the Federal army pressed on to West Point, at the junction of the Mattapony and Pamunkey. McClellan reached the Chickahominy without serious resistance, and crossed at Bottom's Bridge.

17. On the 10th of May, General Wool, the commandant of Fortress Monroe, led an expedition against Norfolk and captured the town. On the next day, the iron-clad Virginia was blown up to save her from capture. The James River was thus opened for the supply-transports of the Army of the Potomac. On the 31st of

May, that army was attacked by the Confederates at a place called Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. Here for a part of two days the batAt last the Confederates were driven

tle raged with great fury.

back; but McClellan's victory was by no means decisive.

Gen

eral Joseph E. Johnston, the commander-in-chief of the Confeder

ates, was severely

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wounded; and the

command devolved

on General Robert

E. Lee.

18. McClellan now formed the design of retiring to a point on the James below Richmond. Before the movement fairly began, General Lee, on the 25th of June, struck the right wing of the Union army at Oak Grove, and a hard-fought battle ensued. On the next day, another engagement occurred at Mechanicsville, and the Federals won the field. On the following morning, Lee renewed the struggle at Gaines's Mill, and came out victorious. On the 29th, McClellan's army was attacked at Savage's Station and again in the White Oak Swamp-but the Confederates were kept at bay. On the 30th was fought the desperate battle of Glendale, or Frazier's Farm. On that night the Federal army reached Malvern Hill, twelve miles below Richmond. General Lee determined to carry the place by storm. On the morning of the 1st of July, the whole Confederate army rushed forward to the assault. All day long the struggle for the pos

GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE.

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session of the high grounds continued. Not until nine o'clock at night did Lee's columns fall back exhausted. For seven days the roar of battle had been heard almost without cessation.

19. On the 2d of July, McClellan retired with his army to Harrison's Landing, a few miles down the river; and the great cam

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tacked by Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, where nothing but hard fighting saved the Federals from a rout.

21. Jackson next shot by with his division on a flank movement to Manassas Junction, where he made large captures. Pope then threw his army between the two divisions of the Confederates. On · August 28th and 29th, there was terrible fighting on the old Bull Run battle-ground. At one time it seemed that Lee's army would be defeated; but Pope's reinforcements were withheld by General Porter, and on the 31st, the Confederates struck the Union army at Chantilly, winning a complete victory. Generals Stevens and Kearney were among the brave men who fell in this battle. Pope withdrew his broken columns as rapidly as possible, and found safety within the defences of Washington.

22. General Lee crossed the Potomac at Point of Rocks, and on the 6th of September captured Frederick. On the 10th, Hagerstown was taken, and on the 15th, Stonewall Jackson seized

Harper's Ferry, with nearly twelve thousand prisoners. On the previous day, there was a hard-fought engagement at South Mountain, in which the Federals were victorious. McClellan's army was now in the rear of Lee, who fell back to Antietam Creek and took a strong position near Sharpsburg. Then followed two days of skirmishing, which terminated on the 17th in one of the great battles of the war. From morning till night the struggle continued with unabated violence, and ended, after a loss of more than ten thousand men on each side, in a drawn battle. Lee withdrew his forces from the field and recrossed the Potomac.

23. General McClellan moved forward to Rectortown, Virginia. Here he was superseded by General Burnside, who changed the plan of the campaign, and advanced against Fredericksburg. At this place the two armies were again brought face to face. Burnside's movement was delayed, and it was not until the 12th of December that a passage could be effected. Meanwhile, the heights south of the river had been fortified, and the Union columns were hurled back in several desperate assaults which cost the assailants more than twelve thousand men. Thus in disaster to the Federal cause ended the campaigns of 1862.

RECAPITULATION.

Extent and position of the Union forces.-The Confederates defeated on the Big Sandy and at Mill Spring.-Fort Henry is taken -Siege of Fort Donelson.Battle of Shiloh.-Island Number Ten is taken.-The battle of Pea Ridge.-Fight of the Monitor and the Merrimac.-Burnside captures Roanoke Island, Newbern, and Beaufort.-Farragut and Butler ascend the Mississippi.-Capture of New Orleans.-Fall of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.-Kirby Smith invades Kentucky.-Battle of Richmond.--Bragg marches on Louisville.--The city held by Buell.-Battle of Perryville.-Battles of Iuka and Corinth.-Grant moves against Vicksburg. Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.-Battle of Murfreesborough.-Banks and Jackson on the Shenandoah. -Fight at Front Royal.-Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic -McClellan advances.-Yorktown is taken.-Wool captures Norfolk. The Virginia destroyed.-Battle of Fair Oaks.--Lee made general-inchief of the Confederates. -McClellan changes base.-The seven days' battles.-The Union army at Harrison's Landing.- Lee strikes for Washington.-Is opposed by Pope.-Flank movement of Jackson.-Battles of Manassas and Chantilly-Lee invades Maryland. --Harper's Ferry is taken.-Engagement at South Mountain. - Battle of Antietam.-Burnside in command.-Is defeated at Fredericksburg.

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THE

CHAPTER LXIII.

THE WORK OF '63.

HE war had now grown to enormous proportions. The Confederate States were draining every resource of men and means. The superior energies of the North were greatly taxed.

On the day after the battle of Malvern Hill, President Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand troops. During Pope's retreat from the Rappahannock, he sent forth another call for three hundred thousand, and to that was added a draft of three hundred thousand more. Most of these demands were promptly met, and it became evident that in resources the Federal government was vastly superior to the Confederacy.

2. On the 1st day of January, 1863, the President issued THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. The war had been begun with no well-defined intention to free the slaves of the South. But during the progress of the war the sentiment of abolition had grown with great rapidity; and when at last it became a military necessity to strike a blow at the labor-system of the South, the step was taken with but little opposition. Thus, after an existence of two hundred and forty-four years, African slavery in the United States was swept away.

3. Early in January, General Sherman despatched an expedition to capture Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. The Union forces reached their destination on the 10th of the month, fought a battle with the Confederates and gained a victory. On the next day, the post was surrendered with nearly five thousand prisoners.

4. Soon afterward, the Union forces were concentrated for the capture of Vicksburg. Three months were spent by General Grant in beating about the bayous around Vicksburg, in the hope of getting a position in the rear of the town. A canal was cut across

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