prudent, and peaceful, he joined the zeal of an enthusiast with the faith of a martyr.

13. A part of the new immigrants settled at Salem; others at Cambridge and Watertown, on Charles River; while others founded Roxbury and Dorchester. The governor resided for a while at Charlestown, but soon crossed over to the peninsula of Shawmut and founded BOSTON, which became henceforth the capital of the colony. With the approach of winter sickness came, and the distress was great. The new comers were tender people who could not endure the blasts of Massachusetts Bay. Coarse and scanty fare added to the griefs of disease. Sleet and snow drifted in where feeble men and frail women moaned out their lives. Before mid-winter two hundred had died; but there was heard neither murmur nor repining.

14. In 1631, a law was passed restricting the right of suffrage. It was enacted that none but church members should be permitted to vote at the elections. Nearly three-fourths of the people were thus excluded from exercising the rights of freemen. Taxes were levied for the support of the gospel; attendance on public worship was enforced by law; none but members of the church were eligible to office. The very men who had so recently escaped with only their lives to find religious freedom in another continent, began their career in the New World with intolerance.

15. Young ROGER WILLIAMS, minister of Salem, cried out against the proscriptive law. He declared to his people that the conscience of man is not bound by the authority of the magistrate, and that civil government has only to do with civil matters. For this he was obliged to quit the ministry of the church at Salem and retire to Plymouth. Finally, in 1634, he wrote a paper in which he declared that grants of land, though given by the king of England, were invalid until the natives were justly paid. When arraigned for these teachings, he told the court that a test of church-membership in a voter was as ridiculous as the selection of a doctor on account of his skill in theology.

16. After a trial, Williams was condemned for heresy and banished. In mid-winter he left home and became an exile in the forest. For fourteen weeks he wandered through the snow, sleep

acorns.

ing on the ground or in a hollow tree, living on parched corn and He carried with him a private letter from the good Governor Winthrop, and the Indians showed him kindness. Massasoit invited him to his cabin, and Canonicus, king of the Narragansetts, received him as a brother. On the left bank of the Black

stone a resting-place was found; and with the opening of spring the exile planted a field and built a house. Soon he learned that Plymouth colony claimed that place, and another removal became necessary. With five companions, he embarked in a canoe and came to the west side of the bay. Here he was safe. A tract of land was purchased from Canonicus; and in June of 1636, the founder of Rhode Island laid out the city of PROVIDENCE.

17. In 1634 a representative form of government was established in Massachusetts. On election-day the voters were called together, and the learned Cotton preached long against the proposed change. The assembly listened attentively, and then went on with the election. To make the reform complete, a BALLOT-BOX

was substituted for the old method of public voting. The restriction on the right of suffrage was the only remaining bar to free government in New England.

18. During the next year three thousand new immigrants arrived. It was worth while to come to a country where the principles of freedom were recognized. The new-comers were under the leadership of Hugh Peters and Sir Henry Vane. Such was the popularity of the latter, that in less than a year after his arrival he was chosen governor of the colony.

19. New settlements were now formed at a distance from the bay. One company of twelve families, led by Simon Willard and Peter Bulkeley, marched through the woods to some open meadows sixteen miles from Boston, and there founded Concord. Later in the same year, another colony of sixty persons left the older settlements and pressed their way westward to the Connecticut River. A dreadful winter overtook them in their new homes. Some died; others waded back through the dreary snows and came half-starved to Boston; but the rest outbraved the winter. Spring brought relief, and the pioneers, creeping out of their huts, became the founders of Windsor, HARTFORD, and Wethersfield.

20. The banishment of Roger Williams created strife among the people of Massachusetts. The ministers were stern and exacting. Still, the advocates of free opinion multiplied. The clergy, notwithstanding their great influence, felt insecure. Religious debates became the order of the day. Every sermon was reviewed and criticised.

21. Prominent among those who were accused of heresy was Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, a woman of genius, who had come over in the ship with Sir Henry Vane. She desired the privilege of speaking at the weekly debates, and was refused. Indignant at this, she became the champion of her sex, and declared that the ministers were no better than Pharisees. She called meetings of her friends, and pleaded with fervor for the freedom of conscience. The doctrines of Williams were reäffirmed with more power and eloquence than ever. Many of the magistrates favored the new beliefs; and the governor himself espoused the cause of Mrs. Hutchinson.

22. When Sir Henry's term of office expired a meeting of the synod of New England was called. The body convened in August of 1637, and Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends were banished from Massachusetts. A large number of the exiles wended their way toward the home of Roger Williams. Miantonomoh, a Narragansett chieftain, made them a gift of the island of Rhode Island; there, in 1641, a little republic was established, in which persecution, for opinion's sake, was forbidden.

23. In 1636 the general court of the colony passed an act appropriating between one and two thousand dollars to found a college. The measure met with favor, for the Puritans were quick to appreciate the advantages of learning. Newtown was selected as the site of the proposed school. Plymouth and Salem gave gifts to help the enterprise; and from villages in the Connecticut valley came contributions of corn and wampum. In 1638, John Harvard, a minister of Charlestown, died, bequeath

ing his library and nearly five thousand dollars to the school. To perpetuate his memory the new institution was named HARVARD COLLEGE, and the name of Newtown was changed to Cambridge.

24. The PRINTING-PRESS came also. In 1638 Stephen Daye, an English printer, arrived at Boston, and in the following year set up a press at Cambridge. The first American publication was an almanac for New England, bearing date of 1639. During the next year, Thomas Welde and John Eliot, two ministers of Roxbury, and Richard Mather, of Dorcester, translated the Hebrew Psalms into English verse. This was the first book printed in America.

25. Charles I. and his ministers now took measures to check the growth of the Puritan colonies. The first plan which suggested itself was to stop emigration. In 1638 a squadron of eight vessels, ready to sail from London, was detained by the royal authority. Many of the most prominent Puritans in England were on board of these ships. It has been asserted that John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell were turned back by this detention. By this course King Charles hastened the English Revolution, and brought about his own downfall.

RECAPITULATION.

The Pilgrims are saved by the coming of spring.-Standish reconnoitres.Samoset and Squanto at Plymouth.-A treaty is made with Massasoit.-Other tribes acknowledge the king.-Canonicus is overawed.-An unfruitful summer. -New immigrants are quartered on the colony.-The Pilgrims are destitute.Weymouth founded.-Standish punishes the Indians.-Weymouth is abandoned. A plentiful harvest.-Robinson remains at Leyden.-The colonial enterprise unprofitable.-The managers sell out.-The English Church is favored.Salem is founded.-The Company of Massachusetts Bay is chartered.--Boston is founded.-The government is transferred to America.-The large immigration. --Winthrop is governor.-Cambridge is founded.-Watertown.-Roxbury.Dorchester.-The colony suffers.-Suffrage is restricted.-Williams protests.And is banished.-Goes among the Indians.-Tarries at Seekonk.--Founds Providence.-A representative government is established.-The ballot-box is introduced.-Three thousand immigrants arrive.-Vane and Peters are the leaders.-Concord is founded.--Colonies remove to the Connecticut.-Religious controversies.--Mrs. Hutchinson is banished.-She and her friends establish a republic on Rhode Island.-Harvard College is founded.-A printing-press is set up.-Eliot, Welde and Mather translate the Psalms.-Liberty flourishes. -Emigration is hindered.