vincial Governors were replaced by Presidents of Zemstvos or Mayors of cities in management of food supplies. All censorship, except on military affairs, was abolished, and the department itself was discontinued. A committee headed by Maxim Gorky was appointed to safeguard palaces and artistic property. Home rule will be given to Finland. The former Governor, Zein, who was an oppressor and reactionary, was sent to prison, and it is understood that Baron Roditscheff, who has been a stanch advocate of free Finland, will be appointed Zein's successor. Manifesto to the Nation On March 20 the Russian Provisional Government issued the following manifesto to the nation: "Citizens: The great work has been accomplished. By a powerful stroke the Russian people have overthrown the old régime. A new Russia is born. This coup d'état has set the keystone upon long years of struggle. "Under pressure of awakened national forces, the act of Oct. 30, 1905, promised Russia constitutional liberties, which were never put into execution. The First Duma, the mouthpiece of the national wishes, was dissolved. The Second Duma met the same fate, and the Government, being powerless to crush the national will, decided by the act of June 16, 1907, to deprive the people of part of the legislative rights promised them. "During the ensuing ten years the Government successively withdrew from the people all the rights they had won. The country was again thrown into the abyss of absolute ruin and administrative arbitrariness. All attempts to make the voice of reason heard were vain, and the great world struggle into which the country was plunged found it face to face with moral decadence and power not united with the people-power indifferent to the country's destinies and steeped in vices and infamy. "The heroic efforts of the army, crushed under the cruel weight of internal disorganization, the appeals of the national representatives, who were united in view of the national danger, were powerless to lead the Emperor and his Government into the path of union with the people. Thus when Russia, by the illegal and disastrous acts of her Governors, was faced with the greatest disasters, the people had to take the power into their own hands. "With unanimous revolutionary spirit, the people, fully realizing the seriousness of the moment and the firm will of the Duma, established a Provisional Government, which considers that it is its sacred duty to realize the national desires and lead the country into the bright path of free civil organization. The Government believes that the lofty spirit of patriotism which the people have shown in the struggle against the old régime will also animate our gallant soldiers on the battlefields. "On its side the Government will do its utmost to provide the army with everything necessary to bring the war to a victorious conclusion. The Government will faithfully observe all alliances uniting us to other powers and all agreements made in the past. "While taking measures indispensable for the defense of the country against a foreign enemy, the Government will consider it its first duty to grant to the people every facility to express its will concerning the political administration, and will convoke as soon as possible a constituent assembly on the basis of universal suffrage, at the same time assuring the gallant defenders of the country their share in the Parliamentary elections. "The constituent assembly will issue fundamental laws, guaranteeing the country the immutable rights of equality and liberty. "Conscious of the burden of the political oppression weighing on the country and hindering the free creative forces of the people during years of painful hardships, the Provisional Government deems it necessary, before the constituent assembly, to announce to the country its principles, assuring political liberty and equality to all citizens, making free use of the spiritual forces in creative work for the benefit of the country. The Government will also take care to elaborate the principles assuring all citizens participation in communal elections, which will be carried out on a basis of universal suffrage. "At the moment of national emancipation the whole country recalls with pious gratitude those who, in the struggle for their political and religious ideas, fell victims of the vengeance of the old power, and the Provisional Government will joyfully bring back from exile and prison all those who thus suffered for the good of their country. "In realizing these problems the Provisional Government belives it is executing the national will and that the whole people will support it in its efforts to insure the happiness of Russia." The news from all parts of the country on March 20 indicated that the revolution had been successfully accomplished everywhere without serious bloodshed, and the people, the army, and the navy were acclaiming the new order with enthusiasm. It was decided, in order to avoid all complications, not to give any commanding position to a member of the Romonoff house; hence the proposal was abandoned to name Grand Duke Nicholas as Generalissimo and Grand Duke Michael as Regent. The full sovereign powers rest with the Provisional Government until the National Assembly convenes. Scientific Discoveries Due to the War Paul Painlevé, a member of the French Institute and recent Minister of Inventions, has cited the following facts by way of reply to Thomas A. Edison's remark that science is playing a rather small part in the war: The processes of wireless communication and for the registering of sounds at distances, that is, by the ordinary wireless currents and by ground induction, have been marvelously perfected through the requirements of the war. All the armies are rivaling each other in skillful methods for tapping the enemy's lines of telephonic communication from a considerable distance; not tapping as it is generally understood, but by the use of a marvelous instrument that enables the sentinel in his advanced listening post out beyond the front line of trenches to hear the enemy communications by telephone going over wires that are several hundred yards away. I would mention also a system that we perfected and put into use for locating the enemy's batteries by sound. The principle was known before the war, but it was regarded as impracticable. It has, since the war, been brought to the highest state of perfection and efficiency and for months has been in use over the entire front. It has proved so effective that our adversaries, who captured a motor car with one of the outfits, have equipped themselves with similar appliances but lacking the delicacy and the precision of our instruments. It was France that had the entire initiative of this brilliant application. Inventions for following the enemy's sapping and mining operations by sound that were, in all armies, very crude and insufficient before the war, have made the most remarkable progress, and will reflect honor upon French science later on. Aviation in every respect has been remarkably perfected by the efforts of science and technicians since the war began. Today a pilot goes up in all kinds of weather without fear of being upset by sudden squalls, so well have been perfected the measures for the stability of flying machines. Great progress also has been made in the improvement of motors, particularly in the reduction of their weight in proportion to their effective power, so that they speed up to 150 miles an hour. Finally, in spite of the difficulties, wireless telegraphy has been marvelously adapted to aviation. This intimate, first-hand study of the Kaiser, duly authenticated, is written by a prominent American correspondent in Berlin. It is the first exclusive pen picture of the Kaiser since the war began. I N the half lights of dawn there emerged from the shadows down the road a column of poplar trees; motionless and erect, it seemed they were on sentry duty, too. The graygreen of their uniforms almost invisible against the fields, soldiers in twos crossed and recrossed the road, ghostly they in the quickening spectrum of day, helmeted shadows of the Kaiser's Guard. Further down the road a light gleamed. That was the château; there Wilhelm II., "by God's grace, King of Prussia and German Emperor," slept. In a nearby field horses whinnied and neighed; men moved, talking in harsh early morning voices. Two squadrons of the Dragoon Guards were encamped there-should the Kaiser call. There, too, one glimpsed a thin, lean glimmer of steel; and, as the sky eternal vigil over the imperial body. For the German Emperor is never so guarded as he is at the front. Twenty miles from the firing line, this château. Guarded against what? All through the night there had come down to the soldiers in the park the faint purring and clattering of the guards above, airplanes circling high above the KAISER WILHELM II. changed from gray to pink, there came out of the vagueness, taking sinister shape, guns of the horse artilleryshould the Kaiser call. Guarding him as he slept, files of the gray-green men paced through the château park. An outer circle who tramped along the spiked iron fence of the grounds, another circle stalking through the trees, another, another, until, after circle upon circle of sentries, one came to a double guard at the narrow, prim entrance to the château. Even there the guards over the Kaiser did not end. Upstairs sentries stole through the highceilinged halls. In the rooms just above, just below, and on either side of the Kaiser chamber Secret Service men spent a sleepless night, watching, listening, the imperial head, two eyes of the army peering through the high places, lest an enemy flyer swoop near. And on the gravel drive below, carefully posted motor trucks, platforms on wheels, mounting long-ranged anti-aircraft guns, others with monstrous glazy eyes that twinkled now in the dawn -the searchlights, that had been ready to sweep the night with light, had the enemy fliers come. And in the château room, under which slept their Emperor, more of the graygreen men watched the yellowing sky and yawned and felt hungry. Since midnight they had held the watch there, their machine guns tilted skyward; all about them the layers of sandbags to swallow the explosion of an enemy bomb. Nets, an arbor of wires over their heads, every precaution to nullify the effect of a bomb that might be cast down upon the château where the Kaiser slept. The sun came up again, ruthlessly lighting the scarred face of France. Weird seemed the land in the faint light of day. Houses to the east, through which the golden glow gleams, framed on their gray stone walls by the cavernous holes of the shells. There a church with tumbled rafters, its cross shot |