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over 1904. The greatest increase in wages paid in the 9 specified industries appear in worsted goods, machines, and machinery, metals and metallic goods, and boots and shoes. The greatest increase in value of stock used and in goods made was in the leather industry.

In 1904 the capital invested in the 79 industries amounted to SS01.271.340, and in 1905 the capital devoted to production in the 79 industries amounted to $603.229.765.

Data relative to employees, earnings and days in operation are presented in the table following, the establishments considered being the same as in the table preceding:

AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE YEARLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE DAYS IN OPERATION IN 9 PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES, IN 70 OTHER INDUSTRIES, AND IN ALL INDUSTRIES, 1904 AND 1905.

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All of the principal industries show an increase in the average number of employees, and all but one an increase in average yearly earnings in 1905, as compared with 1904, while but three of the industries show an increase in average days in operation. In all industries an increase is shown in the three items of average employees, average yearly earnings, and average days in operation.

For the total 79 industries the proportion of business done of full or maximum production was 69.14 per cent in 1904 and 70.92 per cent in 1905; the proportion of actual running time of possible working time was 95.96 per cent in 1904 and 96.68 per cent in 1905.

The table following shows the number of employees (wage-earners) earning the indicated weekly wages. The number of employees given is the number reported in each industry for the week in which the largest number was employed, and does not, therefore, agree with the number shown in the table preceding,

NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE ADULTS AND OF YOUNG PERSONS IN 79 INDUSTRIES, BY CLASSIFIED WEEKLY WAGES, 1904 AND 1905.

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The figures in the above table are not comparable, except as to the totals in the last column under each year, due to the fact that a broader classification for young persons was used in 1905 from that used in 1904. Comparing the totals for each class it is seen that there was a material falling off in 1905 in the number earning under $5 per week as compared with 1904, while the number in each of the other wage classes showed an increase in 1905 as compared with 1904. In order to show the actual result of the productive forces of industry, the element of cost of material must be deducted from the total value of product, and the remainder will show only the industry product, or the new values created. This has been done in the case of the nine leading industries, also the division of industry product between the wage fund and the fund devoted to profit and minor expenses, as insurance, interest, rent, freight, commissions, salaries, etc. The results for the years 1904 and 1905 appear in the table following:

INDUSTRY PRODUCT, WAGES, AND PROFIT AND MINOR EXPENSES IN NINE SELECTED INDUSTRIES, 1904 AND 1905.

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INDUSTRY PRODUCT. WAGES, AND PROFIT AND MINOR EXPENSES IN NINE SELECTED INDUSTRIES, 1904 AND 1905-Concluded.

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In five of the nine industries, in 1904, more than one-half of the industry product was paid out in wages, the largest showing being in carpetings, with 65.77 per cent, followed by cotton goods, with 64.05 per cent, and boots and shoes, with 55.31 per cent. The industry devoting the lowest proportion of the industry product to labor was paper, with 39.02 per cent. In 1905, likewise, five industries paid out more than one-half of the industry product in wages. The boot and shoe industry paid the highest proportion, 60.17 per cent, and the leather industry the lowest, 38.15 per cent.

LABOR LAWS OF MASSACHUSETTS.-This part of the report contains all the statutes in the revised laws of the State relative to labor, together with all laws passed since 1902, with indications of amended laws and an extended index with copious cross references.

LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL CHRONOLOGY.-This chronology presents for each of the cities and towns of the State, for the year ending September 30, 1906, data relative to strikes and lockouts, wages and hours of labor, trade unions, industrial changes, and welfare work.

Under the section relating to strikes and lockouts have been recorded all labor disputes engaged in during the year which seemed to be of sufficient importance to consider. Slight disputations caused on account of employment of nonunion workmen, or other tradeunion principles, where only a few were directly involved and their leaving work did not affect others or cause any cessation of work, have been included under the section devoted to trade unions.

In wages and hours of labor the changes showed a still further tendency for a shorter workday, the nine-hour day being substituted for the ten-hour without change in wages, and the eight-hour day for the nine-hour schedule. The weekly half holiday during the summer months has become almost general in the various industries and trades. The early-closing movement, so long urged by organized

labor, met with more generous response from employers than formerly. During the year marked increases in wages took place, the most pronounced of which were in the wages paid to employees engaged in transportation and in the textile industries.

Under the section relating to trade unions is given information indicative of the current movements of organized labor during the year. The new unions formed, new affiliations, disbanding of old unions, presentation of new trade agreements, and resolutions passed on certain subjects, commendatory or otherwise, as the case may be, form part of this compilation.

Of industrial changes during the year, 200 new establishments were incorporated, with an authorized capital stock of $13,611,600; 161 private firms were changed to corporations, with an authorized capital stock of $9.214,200, and there were 56 reorganizations, with an authorized capital stock of $19,931,100, making a total of 417 manufacturing establishments incorporated, with an authorized capital stock of $42,756,900. Considering the incorporations by industries, machines and machinery lead with 50, followed by metals and metallic goods with 41, boots and shoes with 30, and clothing with 20, the remaining 276 incorporations being distributed among some 60 industrial groups.

The section devoted to welfare work recounts the actions taken by employers to benefit the condition of their employees, or measures taken by trade unions or employees themselves for the betterment of the social and industrial condition of the workingmen. Some of the subjects embraced in the welfare work relate to improving the sanitary, working, and other conditions in mills, factories, and shops, to various forms of recreation, to educational classes, to housing, and to provident funds.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Twentieth Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Printing of the State of North Carolina for the year 1906. H. B. Varner, Commissioner. 350 pp.

This report consists of seven chapters, as follows: Condition of farmers, 98 pages; condition of the trades, 29 pages; miscellaneous factories, 72 pages; cotton, woolen, and knitting mills, 59 pages; furniture factories, 18 pages; newspapers of the State, 47 pages; railroad employees, 9 pages.

CONDITION OF FARMERS.-The report on this subject is compiled from returns made by representative farmers residing in different sections of the State. The data is presented, by counties, in five tables, which show condition of land and labor, wages and cost of living, cost of production of principal crops, market price of crops, and profit

on production. In all (97) counties labor was reported scarce; 96 counties reported that negro labor was unreliable and 1 that there was no negro labor; 66 counties reported that employment was regular and 31 that it was irregular; 57 counties favored immigration, 37 opposed it, and 3 did not report; cost of living was reported as having increased in 95 counties and in 2 as not having increased. The highest and lowest monthly wages paid farm laborers in each county were reported, and for men the average of the highest wages so reported was $21.71, and of the lowest $13.09; for women, like averages were $13.18 and $8.65, and the average wages of children were $8.01. For all classes of farm labor an increase of wages was reported.

CONDITION OF THE TRADES.-The data from which the tables presented under this title were compiled were secured from representative men engaged in the various trades considered. These reports from the wage-earners of the State show daily wages and wage changes, working conditions and cost of living, hours of labor, conditions of apprenticeship, etc. Of the wage-earners making returns, 62 per cent reported an increase of wages, 3 per cent a decrease, and 35 per cent no change; 61 per cent made full time and 39 per cent part time; 84 per cent reported cost of living increased, 1 per cent decreased, and 15 per cent no change; 31 per cent favored an 8-hour day, 13 per cent a 9-hour day, 55 per cent a 10-hour day, and 1 per cent a 12-hour day; 88 per cent favored fixing a day's work by law and 12 per cent opposed it; 20 per cent favored immigration and 80 per cent opposed it. The average wages paid per day in the different trades were: Blacksmiths $2.09, boilermakers $3, brass and iron molders $2.75, brickmasons $3.50, carpenters $1.85, electricians $3.50, harness makers $1.23, lumbermen $2.50, machinists $2.44, miners $1.75, painters $2.33, plasterers $4.05, printers $2.02, stonecutters $3.50, textile workers $1.40, and wheelwrights $1.75.

MISCELLANEOUS FACTORIES.-Under this classification the number of factories reporting was 541, of which 467 reported an invested capital amounting to $31,239,510; 436 reported the number of employees as 22,438, and 530 the number of persons dependent on them for a livelihood as 75,243. An 8-hour day was reported by 4 factories, a 9-hour day by 6, a 91-hour day by 3, a 10-hour day by 389, a 101-hour day by 4, an 11-hour day by 48, a 12-hour day by 70, while the remaining factories did not report as to the workday. An increase of wages was reported by 74 per cent of the factories, no change by 17 per cent, while 9 per cent made no report. Of the adult employees 82 per cent were able to read and write and of the children 84 per cent. The highest daily wages paid was $2.29 and the lowest $0.84. In 64 per cent of the factories wages were paid weekly, in 17 per cent semimonthly, in 11 per cent monthly, in 1 per cent daily, while the remaining 7 per cent made no report. The

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