the stream by converting it to its use for sewer purposes and was, therefore, under an "affirmative obligation, inseparably linked with the user," of paying the damages resulting from an overflow. This is a broad proposition and, as I think, an unwarrantable extension of the rule of municipal liability. In order that a municipality shall be made liable for causing an injury, it must appear that some duty, incumbent upon it to perform, had been neglected, or had been improperly discharged. The act, the omission, or commission, of which is charged as the cause of the injury, must have been within the scope of the corporate powers, as provided by the charter, or by some positive enactment of law. A municipal corporation is the delegate of sovereign power to legislate as to the public needs of a locality. It may be said, in a sense, to possess a dual character. It acts in a governmental capacity, to the extent that it exercises its powers in matters of public concern, and it acts in a private capacity, in so far as it exercises its powers, under its by-laws, for private advantage, in matters pertaining to the municipality, as the proprietor of the various works and properties. Lloyd v. Mayor, etc., of N. Y., 5 N. Y. 369. It exercises the governmental powers delegated by the state over the particular political subdivision thereof and it cannot be held liable for the non-exercise of, or for the manner in which it exercises, those discretionary powers, which are classed as of a public, or legislative, character. But where the duty is a corporate one, having relation to its special interests, and it is absolute and perfect, and not discretionary in its nature, in the performance of which the plaintiff has an interest, his action will lie against the municipality for the damages occasioned by a failure to perform. In other words, if the duty be judicial in its nature, as calling for the exercise of judgment, no liability rests upon the municipality for non-performance; whereas, if it be of a ministerial nature, neglect to perform it will render the municipality responsible to one injured thereby. See Dillon on Municipal Corporations, §§ 753, 778; Griffin v. Mayor, etc., of N. Y., 9 N. Y. 456; Lloyd v. Mayor, etc., of N. Y., supra. It is a principle of municipal responsibility, early accepted from the common law, in this state, that in the acceptance of a charter sufficient consideration is found in the grant of powers and franchises to support an implied undertaking to perform what duties are imposed, which will enure to the benefit of every individual interested in their performance. Weet v. Trustees of Village of Brockport, 16 N. Y. 161, note; Cain v. City of Syracuse, 95 ib. 83. But, in the application of the principle, the distinction is to be borne constantly in mind that a corporate duty is not always absolute. For instance, if it relate to legislation in the public interest, or to the undertaking of some work of a public nature, which it has not been commanded to do by the state, however comprehensive of the matter the powers conferred by charter, or by positive legislative enactments, may be, the duty is, necessarily, discretionary, because within the exercise of a deliberate judgment. Nor does it follow that, although there may be an admitted corporate

control of the subject, an absolute and imperative duty arises. Cain v. City of Syracuse, supra.

I think we may, at once, dismiss from our minds any consideration of the argument that, because Onondaga creek had been declared a public highway by statute, a peculiar duty had devolved upon the city in consequence, pertinent to this case. The ordinary rule of municipal obligation, with respect to the care and maintenance of highways, under the statute, does not apply and no duty, ordinarily, rests upon the municipality, through whose boundaries a river or stream passes, in whole or in part, to keep it in a safe condition, or free from obstructions not of its own causing. Seaman v. Mayor, etc., of N. Y., 80 N. Y. 239; Coonley v. City of Albany, 132 ib. 145.

In the discussion of this case, I accept its facts, as they are established by the findings of the trial court; and I find the theory of the plaintiff's recovery to be contained, substantially, in this proposition: that a peculiar responsibility rested upon the city of Syracuse, by reason of an assumption of corporate dominion over the creek, in using it as a part of its sewerage system, under provisions of its charter and of special legislative enactments; and that the neglect to exercise, or the imperfect exercise of, the power effectively to protect the inhabitants against an overflow of the stream made the city liable in damages to any one injured thereby. The liability of the city was predicated upon the notion of its negligence in the performance of municipal duties incumbent upon it, with respect to the maintenance of the channel of the creek. No negligence is found, nor appears, so far as mere construction of sewers, or of bridges, is concerned. It was the effect of the former, as increasing the flow of the stream, that is made to support the charge of negligence in not providing for the adequate carriage of the waters from freshets and floods. As to the bridges, their construction was authorized, and it was an unquestionable duty of the municipality, whose territory the stream separated, to construct them as connections and portions of the streets, or highways. No liability was thereby cast upon the city for any consequential damages, which may be claimed to have been occasioned through their having impeded the flow of the stream. Radcliff's Exrs. v. Mayor, etc., of Brooklyn, 4 N. Y. 195; Atwater v. Trustees of Village of Canandaigua, 124 ib. 602.

I consider that we must find support for this judgment, solely, in some duty cast by the statute upon the municipality and negligently performed, or omitted. I find no evidence of a corporate dominion or control assumed, other than in the use made of the creek, as an outlet for its system of sewers; and it is necessary briefly to notice, in the light of the legal principles to which I have above called attention, the powers conferred upon the corporate authorities in the charter legislation, or in the special acts, to which our attention has been directed. The city of Syracuse was incorporated in 1847. Onondaga creek, rising in the highlands to the south of the city, flows through it to the north; draining the extensive watershed of the country beyond the city

and furnishing a natural drainage for municipal needs. The original charter provisions gave authority to the common council to make highways, bridges, sewers, etc., and imposed duties with respect to their proper maintenance and repair. In 1854, (Chap. 28 of the laws), the legislature, revising the charter, gave power to the common council to pass ordinances and to make regulations, providing, among other things, for the construction and the repair of sewers; for the regulation, straightening and improvement of the channel of Onondaga creek and for the draining of the lands adjacent thereto; for the prevention of encroachments upon the channel and for the deepening of the same. In subsequent charters, as amended, revised, or affected by legislation, ample powers were conferred upon the municipal government, with respect to the making, maintenance, or improvement, of sewers, and to the regulating, deepening and improving of Onondaga creek. In 1854 and 1855, (Chaps. 86 and 508 of the laws), special commissions were appointed by the legislature for the purpose of straightening the creek and of making a new and artificial channel; and to some extent this work was done. By subsequent acts, commissions were appointed and powers were conferred upon the municipal authorities to establish a system of sewerage. In 1898, (§ 151 of chap. 595 of the laws), the legislature provided that "all sewers . . shall conform in all things to the system of sewerage set forth in the report and shown by the maps made by Samuel M. Gray," etc., with power to "the common council in their discretion to make any necessary change in said system," etc. It also appears that the attention of the common council had been called, by one of their committees, to the necessity of some action to avert danger from the recurrence of possible floods, by improving the channel.

We may assume, therefore, that there were lacking neither authority, nor power, in the municipal government to take any measures, relating to the improvement of Onondaga creek, nor advisory statements as to the necessity for such measures. But, clearly, all such measures were discretionary with, and lay in the judicial action of, the authorities. As to the sewers, the situation was different. Their construction, so far as it had been assumed, devolved a duty upon the municipality for their maintenance, in a proper manner and free from obstructions, which was of a purely ministerial nature; for it was a corporate obligation having relation to its special interests. Rochester W. L. Co. v. City of Rochester, 3 N. Y. 463. The Gray system, provided for by the act of 1898, intended an operation of the sewers, which would prevent pollution of the waters of the creek, and it made no provision for floods; however it may be argued that the effect would, probably, have been to protect against them. No absolute duty appears to have been enjoined by statute upon the municipality with respect to the creek; nor was any created by an assumption of the undertaking to control and to restrain, under all circumstances, its waters. The creek had been, from early times, the natural drainage outlet for the territory

and it became such for the city upon its banks. The right of the city to make use of it for that purpose is beyond question; whether from long use by the community, or from legislative recognition. The situation, and instances in its history, sufficiently advised the inhabitants of the menace from an overflow of the stream, through the inability to carry off in its channel any extraordinary quantity of waters precipitated by melting snows, or excessive rains. But, aside from the plainly discretionary nature of the powers vested in the municipal government with respect to the subject, the exercise of those powers was fraught with many obvious difficulties. It was confronted with a serious problem in a situation, not created by its own acts, but by nature. If the difficulty could be met and danger could be averted, the duty of corporate action was one calling for the exercise of deliberate judgment and discretion.

The question of municipal responsibility for insufficient, or for defective, sewerage, has been, not infrequently, the subject of discussion in the decisions of this court and the reasoning in some of the cases is not without its pertinence. In Mills v. City of Brooklyn, (32 N. Y. 495), the complaint was for the insufficiency of the sewer to carry off the water from the streets; in consequence of which the plaintiffs' premises were flooded and their building was injured. In deciding adversely to the claim of the plaintiffs for damages, it was held that "the duty of draining the streets and avenues of a city, or village, is one requiring the exercise of deliberation, judgment and discretion. It cannot, in the nature of things, be so executed that in every single moment every square foot of the surface shall be perfectly protected against the consequences of water falling from the clouds upon it. The duty is . . . of a judicial nature; for it requires the qualities of deliberation and judgment. It admits of a choice of means and of the determination of the order of time in which improvements shall be made." Again, it was said, "It may, therefore, be laid down as a very clear proposition, that if no sewer had been constructed at the locality referred to, an action would not lie against the corporation, though the jury should find that one was necessary." In Seifert v. City of Brooklyn, (101 N. Y. 136), the plaintiff recovered the damages, which had been occasioned by inundations of the district of his residence, through a defective construction of the sewers. In the opinion, the cases were reviewed and the principle of the immunity of municipal corporations from liability for damages occasioned, either by an insufficiency of the plan of an improvement, or by the neglect to exercise the power to make desired improvements, was asserted. In that case, the liability of the defendant was upheld, upon the ground that its acts had resulted in the creation of a nuisance. It was observed that "while the corporation was under no original obligation to the plaintiff, or other citizens, to build a sewer at the time and in the manner it did, yet, having exercised the power to do so and thereby created a nuisance on his premises, it incurred a duty, having created the necessity

of its exercise, and having the power to perform it, of adopting and executing such measures as should abate the nuisance and obviate the damage." In Byrnes v. City of Cohoes, (67 N. Y. 204), the plaintiff's property had been damaged by a flood of water, collected from the streets, which, but for the curbing and guttering, would have passed away in a natural watercourse. It was held that "the cases

to the effect that a municipal corporation is not liable for an omission to supply drainage, or sewerage, do not apply to a case where the necessity for the drainage, or outlet, is caused by the act of the corporation itself."

It seems to me to be very clear, therefore, that the omission of the municipal authorities of the city of Syracuse to make provision for obviating the danger of an overflow of the creek was not the neglect of an absolute duty, which made the corporation liable for the damages of which the plaintiff complains. Assuming that there was a duty, which could have been effectively performed, and assuming that the municipality had the control, neither reason, nor authority, supports the contention that the failure to exercise the governmental power of acting upon a matter, not relating to some special interest, nor to some undertaking assumed, nor commanded by any legislative enactment, imposed a responsibility upon the corporation for what might happen injuriously to the citizens through the occurrence of an extraordinary flood. In Cain v. Syracuse, (supra), it was said, with respect to the failure of the common council to exercise the power to direct the tearing down of a wall, which had been made dangerous by a fire and from the fall of which the plaintiff's intestate had been killed, that, assuming the power existed, "did a duty result so absolute, certain and imperative, as to found a right of action upon the omission? We must consider the nature and scope of the duty and, in so doing, must not be misled by the test, which makes permissive words absolute and a command. That test. . . will not serve to make a duty, which is inevitably and inherently discretionary, nevertheless ministerial, because the public have an interest in its exercise, or the rights of individuals may be affected by it." In this case, the power may be conceded to have existed in the common council to have ordered works, or to have put into execution plans, for averting the possible recurrence of freshets and floods; but it did not act, whether from inability to devise any satisfactory plan, or for any other reason, is immaterial; and its nonaction, like that of the state legislative body, could create no cause of action. The plaintiff and the other citizens affected by the flood were no worse off than they would have been if the creek had not been used at all for sewerage purposes, except for the incidental deposit of sewage matter. The drainage of sewers into the channel, however, did not cause the flood, although naturally contributing to the volume of the stream. The flood was an extraordinary and an unusual one, resulting from the natural causes of the action of the elements and of the lay of the land.

1