§ 161. Rule in those States where as- § 167. Agent not authorized to sign
sent to terms must be shown.

bills for goods not actually received

and such bills are void.

§ 168. Contrary rule obtains in certain
courts.

§ 163. A principal must adopt his § 169. Agent of the carrier must be
agent's contract as a whole.

§ 164. Carrier having dealt with an

agent cannot deny such agent's au-

thority.

§ 165. Where goods are shipped by a

vendor or by an agent of the con-

signee.

duly authorized to sign bills.

§ 170. Who are authorized.

§ 171. Who are not authorized.

§ 172. Instructions to carrier's agent

do not bind the shipper.

§ 173. Effect of an agent's agreement

to make immediate delivery.

§ 166. Bill executed by an agent of the § 174, 175. Limitations of agent's power

carrier.
to make a special contract.

CHAPTER XII.

BILL OF LADING EXECUTED BY THE MASTER OF A VESSEL.

§ 176. Authority of the master to sign | § 180. Master has no authority to sign

bills of lading.

§ 177. Contract must be within the

scope of the master's authority.

§ 178. Secret instructions to the master

do not bind the shipper.

§ 179. Master cannot sign bills for

lower rate of freight than the ship-

owner contracted for.

bills for goods not received.

§ 181. Effect of custom on this rule.

§ 182. Authority of ship broker to sign

bills.

§ 183. Personal liability of the master

under the bill of lading.

§ 187. Expressio unius, etc., general § 196. Act of God and delay concur-

rule.

§ 188, 189. Act of God-Definitions.

§ 190, 191. Act of God-Losses within

the exception.

ring.

§ 197, 198. Deviation and act of God

concurring.

§ 199. Consent of shipper to deviation.

§ 192. Act of God-Losses not within § 200. Duty to protect goods after dam-

the exception.

age by act of God.

§ 193. Act of God, the proximate § 201, 202. Act of God-Inevitable ac-

CHAPTER XIV.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED.-ACCIDENTS OF MACHINERY-BARRATRY-

COLLISION.

§ 203, 204. "Accidents of machinery," | § 211. Act of part-owner may be bar-

CHAPTER XV.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED.-DANGERS OF THE ROAD-ESCAPES-

VICIOUSNESS-UNRULY ANIMALS-FIRE.

§ 216. Dangers of roads," "Risk of § 225. To fire merely an incident to

boats."

CHAPTER XVI.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED.-FREEZING-FROM WHATEVER CAUSE-HEAT

-SUFFOCATION-FERMENTATION-INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF OTHER

GOODS-DANGEROUS GOODS-INSUFFICIENT STOWAGE-JETTISON.

6-724

§ 240, 241. "Heat". "Suffocation"

"Fermentation."

§ 242. Heat, etc., the result of defect-

ive stowage.

§ 243. "Injurious effects of other

§ 245, 246. Illustrations of principles

of the text.

goods"-"Dangerous goods"-" In- § 247. "Jettison"-Definition.

sufficient stowage."

§ 248. Jettison-Effect of negligence.

§ 249, 250. Liability for deck load.

CHAPTER XVII.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED.-LEAKAGE AND BREAKAGE-LACK OF FOOD-

LOADING AND UNLOADING-OBLITERATION OF MARKS-OWNER'S

RISK.

§ 251. "Leakage and breakage."

§ 259. "Obliteration of marks."

§ 252. Leakage and breakage-Effect § 260. “Owner's risk.”

of negligence.

§ 261. Owner's risk-Negligence.

§ 253. Leakage and breakage-Burden § 262. Owner's risk-Effect of fraud or

of proof.

§ 254. "Lack of food and water."

§ 255. "Loading or unloading."

§ 256. Loading or unloading-Obliga-

tion to furnish suitable cars.

§ 257. Rule in England, etc.

§ 258. Construction in Michigan court.

misrepresentation.

§ 263. Owner's risk in carriage of live

stock.

§ 264. Construction of exception by

English courts.

§ 265. Legislation in England.

CHAPTER XVIII..

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED. PERILS OF THE SEA.

§ 266. "Perils of the sea."

§ 267. Perils of the sea-Definition.

§ 268. Perils of the sea-Inland navi-

gation.

§ 269–270. What are perils of the sea.

§ 271. Custom affecting the interpreta-

tion of the clause.

§ 272, 273, 274. What are not perils of

the sea.

§ 275. Perils of the sea and negligence

causing loss.

§ 276. Perils of the sea must be shown

to be necessary cause of loss.

§ 277. Effect of clause when goods are

stowed on deck.

§ 278. Duty to protect the goods after
damage by a peril of the sea.

CHAPTER XIX.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED.-LOSS OF PERISHABLE GOODS. - LOSS BY

INHERENT DEFECT-BY DETERIORATION-BY DECAY.

CHAPTER XX.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED.-PIRATES AND ROVERS-PUBLIC ENEMY—
RATS AND VERMIN.

CHAPTER XXI.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED. RESTRAINT 'RY LEGAL PROCEDURE -
RESTRAINT OF PRINCES-OF PEOPLE.

§ 300 "Restraint by legal procedure," | § 305. Seizure for violation of custom

necessity for the exception.
laws within the exception.

§ 301. Obligations of the carrier when § 306, 307, 308. Embargo, blockade, and

legal seizure is made.

CHAPTER XXII.

EXCEPTIONS, CONTINUED. "RIOTS, STRIKES, AND

LABOR"-" RISK OF BOATS"-" AT SHIP'S RISK”—“ROBBERS AND

THIEVES"-" RUST”—“SWEAT."

§ 311. "Riots, strikes, and stoppages § 316. Decisions of Federal Courts in

of labor," generally.

3

CHAPTER XXIII.

BILLS OF LADING FOR THROUGH CARRIAGE.

§ 323. Carriers may contract to carry § 331, 332. What have been held to be

beyond their own line.
"through" contracts.

§ 324. Carriers other than the first, are § 333. Effect of contract to "forward."

agents of the latter.
§ 334. Duties of the carrier under such

a bill.

CHAPTER XXIV.

LIABILITY OF INTERMEDIATE CARRIERS UNDER A "THROUGH" BILL

OF LADING.