These Albanian "leaders" have special stories of Greek and Epirotic atrocities in order to rouse the sympathy of England and America for Albania.

We quote from the Manchester Guardian, October 2, 1914, the following by its Balkan correspondent, C. S. Butler:

I have read in the Guardian of July 22, of shocking atrocities alleged to have been committed against Albanians by Epirotes. Having served as a British war-correspondent both in Macedonia and Epirus in 1912 and 1913, I feel constrained in the interests of truth to rebut these charges, which are either wholly untrue or grossly exaggerated. Mr. Aubrey Herbert is a brave and honorable man, and I quite believe that he and that plucky English lady, Miss Edith Durham, spread these tales in perfect good faith, on the strength of the testimony of Albanian refugees and residents at Valona and Durazzo. But they make a very great mistake in launching these horrors in the British press without having verified them by a visit to the locality itself. I happen to know that Mr. Herbert has repeatedly been invited to visit the Epirote borderland, in which these atrocities are alleged to have been committed, but he has not gone. Miss Durham has apparently only made one hurried visit to Koritza since the journey, which forms the subject of her well-known little book and on which, to judge from that same book, she succeded in travelling the northern fringe of Epirus without coming in contact with a single Greek inhabitant. Is it fair, then, to condemn the Epirotes unheard, when nothing would have been easier than to verify the truth of the astounding tales related in the Manchester Guardian and brought up in the House of Lords on July 28?

We shall adduce two more witnesses of international repute as scholars and as men of honor and impartiality; Hon. W. P. Reeves, Ex-Governor of New Zealand, and Z. D. Ferriman, author and journalist.

Mr. Ferriman wrote to the Daily Chronicle, April 3, 1914, from Jannina:

When Athens sat in darkness, the appanage of a eunuch in the Seraglio at Stamboul, Jannina was a focus of Greek learning, and the travellers in the early nineteenth century tell us of scholars like Athanasius Psalida. Byron met one of his pupils at Athens in 1811, and wrote of him that he was "better educated than the fellow commoners of most colleges." I had heard of Lucas Via, of John Valeras, and other natives of Jannina who brought to it the culture of the West, of the Schools of Psalida and the Zozimas, of Sakellarios and Coletti and Metaxa, but Dr. Georgitsis told me much more, among other things of the school founded by the brothers, Philanthropinos in 1650 which flourished for more than a century.

This does not sound extraordinary as it is put down here, but if we try to realize the barbarous environment amid which these things were accomplished, and the savage tyranny which essayed to thwart them, the achievement is little short of marvellous. It is a matter of wonder that Epirus has had to wait so long for her emancipation whilst regions which deserved it less have long enjoyed it. But not all Epirus is free. Districts as Greek and as cultured as Jannina, Argyrocastro and Moschopolis, where a printing-press was established nearly 200 years ago, are excluded because a company of gentlemen seated around a green table in London have drawn a line on a map and decreed otherwise.

I am writing this in the house of Dr. Georgitsis. His fourteen year old son, Sophocles, is seated opposite to me doing his lessons. He is at the Gymnasium, the high school, which has existed for well-nigh a century amid incredible difficulties. His schoolfellows of the senior class are not here. They have gone to join the hierolochitai, the sacred bands, to fight, if need be, for unredeemed Epirus. So has the Doctor's nephew, who was residing lately at West Norwood. So has the best young blood of the country.

I shall meet some of them, for I leave today in order to try and give some account of the land which has been handed over to a factitious State created to satisfy the covetous aspirations of two European powers.

The Honorable Pember Reeves, in a letter to the Daily Chronicle of April 11, 1914, defends the Epirotes who rose and fought the Albanians, declaring their independence. The honorable writer asks "What are the Epirotes fighting for?" And answers:

They are not asking for justice; that of course, would be union with Greece. They ask for the guarantee of a tolerable existence.

The Great Powers are supposed to be deciding what they will do. Already certain European papers are clamoring that international forces be used in Epirus-in other words, that the Greek Epirotes should be shot down.

Before the "Shoot 'em down!" policy is considered, much less adopted by the Great Powers, I would appeal to you and to your readers to scan these terms put forward by the unfortunate Epirotes. I would ask them to consider whether the demands are excessive, coming as they do, from an educated, civilized, Christian people who, to please Italy and Austria, and for no other reason, are being forced under the rule of Moslem savages, whose chief industry is professional brigandage. It is usual to compare the case of the Epirotes with that of the Ulster Protestants, but the analogy, though by no means fanciful, is anything but exact. Nobody proposes at the dictation of Austria and Italy-to expel the Ulster Protestants from the British Empire, or to put

THE JOURNAL OF RACE DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 9, NO. 3, 1919

them under a foreign flag. Ulster has not been proclaimed a part of some savage country, say Morocco. No one has suggested that her people should call themselves Arabs or Abyssinians, that they should lose the protection of the British Army, of fleet, or be regarded as aliens by the British Parliament. They are not to be ruled by a German prince or deprived of votes and parliamentary institutions. The Irish Nationalists may have their faults, but they are civilized Christians. The roughest of them are not brutal bandits, whose hands during the past eighteen months have been red with the blood of Ulster peasants. Mr. John Redmond has many critics, but his bitterest enemies have never likened him to Essad Pasha. I would invite you and any fairminded reader of yours interested in the matter to inquire into Essad Pasha's record. When they have ascertained it they will, I am convinced, agree that in refusing to place themselves, their wives, children and property, under the despotic rule of such a person, the Epirotes are only striving for the primary rights of man. For Essad Pasha is just now the virtual ruler of Albania, in so far as Albania has a ruler at all.

Such are the Epirots whom the Central Powers had resolved to place under the rule of New Albania.

Whatever may happen to Albania, and we hope that she will be reorganized, and made into an independent nation, we are certain that at least America will not permit a thoroughly Greek population "more Greek than the Greeks themselves," Rene Puaux, La Malheureuse Epire, to pass under the dominion of a foreign nationality—much less under the dominion of the Mohamedan Albanians, who hate the Epirotes and who, in their turn, hate the Albanians as heartily.

Epirus, as far as had been occupied by the Greek armies in 1913, is in preponderance Greek. Whatever certain interested powers may have decided in 1914, the United States will do justice to the brave and long-tried people of Northern Epirus, who ask nothing more than to be allowed to be united to their mother country-Greece.

"Truly, few countries of Greek character merit as much as Northern Epirus, to be called, and to be Greek." Rene Puaux, La Malheureuse Epire.

LIBERIA IN THE NEW PARTITION OF WEST

AFRICA

By Dr. George W. Ellis, K.C., F.R.G.S., Assistant Corporation Counsel of Chicago

West Africa is an indefinite geographic term employed in a general way to designate the territories comprised in the Republic of Liberia and the colonies of the different European powers on the West Coast of Africa.

What Lady Lugard calls the African Black Belt comprises a broad stretch of territory, extending across the African continent from the Senegal on the west to the Red Sea on the east and from the Sahara on the north to the equator on the south. Laced with numerous rivers embowered with trees, studded with luxuriant and silvan forests, inhabited by a wealth and variety of animals and birds, enriched with gold and diamonds and peopled in unnumbered millions by the finest black races of the globe, in natural wealth, wonder and magnitude, this is, perhaps, the most remarkable section of our globe. In mountain, lake and forest, in flower, landscape and scenery, and in bird, beast and man, this is one of the unrivalled and most picturesque portions of our earth.

This fascinating stretch of territory includes West Africa where its western limits are washed by the white crested billows of the Atlantic Ocean. With the exception of Liberia on the west coast and Abyssinia on the east, not only West Africa but all Africa, has been taken and partitioned and the African races against their wishes have been compelled to submit to the indeterminate control and subjection of alien powers.

Because of its great natural wealth West Africa has been of increasing political and commercial importance. From Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain and other European nations, rapid transportation facilities and cable communi

cations have brought the ports and marts of West Africa within easy reach of those of Europe and the world. So that today West Africa is a growing factor in the economic production and consumption of international trade products. Europe says she is engaged in the philanthropic work of redeeming West Africa and in the glorious process millions of dollars are secured through West African commerce. It was partly to protect this growing trade, though in its infancy, and African discoveries, that West African colony holding powers decided to partition Africa some thirty odd years ago and to exercise the political sovereignty and jurisdiction thereof.

THE NEW PARTITION OF WEST AFRICA

Notwithstanding West Africa was divided among European powers, this world war has had its West African consequences. Now that the war has practically closed we are looking backward as well as forward to see how far the people of West Africa have been driven from their former

course.

Rich in mines and with an area of 33,700 square miles, Togoland, just below Liberia on the Gold Coast, was the first German West African colony to fall into the grasp of the Allies, in their determined policy to force Germany from the continent of Africa.

The second Germany colony taken was Kamerun, a fertile district south of Togoland and covering an area of 190,600 square miles.

The third was German Southwest Africa, lying adjacent to the British possessions in South Africa, the second largest German possessions in Africa and containing an area of 317,953 square miles.

The largest and most imposing of German holdings in Africa was German East Africa, containing some 365,644 square miles. This was the last German colony to fall in Africa, and whose prolonged and protracted resistance to allied subjection gave rise in the German mind to the vision of "Middle Africa," which with "Middle Europe" completed