the above-mentioned characters,-notably, (h) a pollen lethal, and (i) a factor for revolute leaves-it can be safely stated that inheritance in the Enotheras is comprised almost wholly in the two categories, anomozeuxis and monozeuxis, while pleiozeuxis seems at the present time to be exemplified clearly only by the relation between the factor for brevistylis and the other known factors, with the possibility that even brevistylis may one day be connected up with the same linkage group as the others, through the discovery of an intermediately placed gene.

On the whole it is now clear that while the genetical phenomena in the Enotheras, with exception of the case of variegated foliage, can be referred definitely to the chromosomes (zeuxis), the occurrence of independent segregation which is necessary for the production of typical Mendelian behavior is so rare as to be almost negligible.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

GEORGE H. SHULL

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

MEMORIAL TO JAMES ORTON

THE governments of Bolivia and Peru have erected a monument to James Orton, the American explorer, whose grave is on Esteves island in Lake Titicaca. The funds for the memorial were given by the alumnae of Vassar College, where at the time of his death Dr. Orton was professor of natural history. The execution of the memorial was entrusted to John Ettl, the New York sculptor. It will be placed on the crest of the island which rises several hundred feet above the lake. The memorial is nine feet in height, circular in pattern with a square plinth, and in its ensemble suggests a tomb. The circular character was inspired by the tall shaft-like structures of the Incas. The dedicatory exercises will be held on September 25, the fortyfourth anniversary of Orton's death. The

8 Since this was written the factor for revolute leaves has been fully demonstrated to lie in chromosome I at or very near the same level as the factor for rubricalyx buds and that for red stems.

Peruvian Government will be officially represented, and a large attendance is expected from Arequipa, Peru and La Paz, Bolivia.

Miss Anna P. Orton, the daughter of the explorer, Mrs. Alice P. Sanford and Miss Ellen W. Farrar, Vassar alumnae, will represent the college. They take to the ceremony a stand of flags, including the Peruvian, Bolivian and American, presented by the United States Government.

In

James Orton was born at Seneca Falls, New York, April 21, 1830. He graduated from Williams College in 1855 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1858. 1866, he was appointed instructor in natural sciences in Rochester University. In 1867 a scientific expedition to the equatorial Andes and the River Amazon was organized under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and Professor Orton was selected as its leader. The expedition sailed from New York on July 1, 1867, and after crossing the Isthmus of Panama, the route was from Guayaquil to Quito, over the Western Cordillera; thence over the Eastern Cordillera and through the forest on foot to the Napo; down the Rio Napo by canoe to Pebas, on to Marañon; and thence by steamer to Para, Brazil. As a result of this expedition many hitherto unknown specimens of natural history were collected and from portions of the collections in the museums of the Smithsonian Institution, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Peabody Academy of Science, and Vassar College, while the bulk of the collection was purchased by Ingham University, Leroy, New York.

Upon his return to the United States in 1869, Professor Orton was offered the chair of natural history at Vassar College with which institution he remained until his death in 1877. In 1873 he made a second journey across South America from Para up the Amazon to Lima and Lake Titicaca, making valuable ethnological collections of Inca relics. In 1876 he organized a third expedition, with the object of exploring the great Beni River, a branch of the Madeira. This

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VACCINATION FOR SMALLPOX IN ENGLAND

THE London Times reports that at Nottingham, an epidemic of considerable proportions is now established; there have been 46 cases, 36 being unvaccinated, since the beginning of February. Last year a somewhat serious outbreak took place in Glasgow.

It is said that many towns in the country are badly protected at present for the doctrines of the opponents of vaccination have been widely spread. Of some areas it would be fair to say that they are destitute of protection. The population has simply refused vaccination en masse. An illustration-which is by no means exceptional-is Coventry,

where the medical officer of health has issued the following figures:

The figures have remained very low since then except for the sharp epidemic of 1903 when there were 141 deaths. In 1918 there were only seven cases in England and Wales. But the sharp drop in vaccination of the past two years may be followed by a severe penalty.

THE WORK OF THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

S. S. CLOUGH, H. M. astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope, has recently issued a report in which he gives an account of the distribution of the normal work of the observatory.

Dr. Halm exercises general supervision in all departments and takes part in heliometer observations and observations of an extraroutine character requiring special attention. He acts in full charge of the observatory during the absence of H. M. astronomer. Dr. Lunt is in charge of the Victoria telescope and its instrumental accessories, and of all photographic work in connection therewith.

Mr. Cox is in charge of the new meridian circle and of the time signal service, and supervises the reductions of all meridian observations. Mr. Woodgate is in charge of the astrographic telescope, photo-heliograph and seismograph, and of all photographic work connected therewith, and supervises the department of miscellaneous computations.

In addition to the above, a staff of fourteen computers and assistants is employed.

There are also attached to the observatory an instrument maker, an electric fitter, a stoker, a carpenter, and three Kroomen, who

act as messengers and keep the rooms and grounds in order.

Messrs. A. W. Long and J. F. Skjellerup, two voluntary observers, have undertaken a program of observations of variable stars, and an equatorial (either the 6-inch or the 7-inch) has been placed at their disposal as required for this purpose. The regular meridian observers during the year have been Messrs. Cheeseman, Wilkin, Peirce, Mullis, Duncan and Davis. The heliometer observations have been made by Messrs. Hough and Halm. The observations with the Victoria telescope have been made by Messrs. Lunt, Jackson and Baines, those with the astrographic telescope by Mr. Woodgate. Occasional observations of occultations, etc., have also been made by Messrs. Cox, Power and Pead.

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON

ILLUMINATION

THE first technical session of the International Commission on Illumination, the successor of the International Photometric Commission, was held in Paris on July 4-8. According to the report of the meeting in Nature those interested in illumination problems in Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United States of America were represented at the session, which was opened by the Minister of Public Works, who welcomed the delegates in the name of the French Republic. The British delegates, nominated by the National Illumination Committee of Great Britain, were: Major K. Edgcumbe (Institution of Electrical Engineers, chairman of the National Committee), Mr. C. C. Paterson (hon. secretary and treasurer of the International Commission), Mr. A. P. Trotter (Illuminating Engineering Society), Dr. E. H. Rayner (National Physical Laboratory), Mr. L. Gaster (Illuminating Engineering Society), Mr. R. Watson (Institution of Gas Engineers), and Mr. J. W. T. Walsh (National Physical Laboratory, assistant secretary of the International Commission). The subjects dealt with by the commission were as follows: (1) The unit of candlepower at present in use in this country and

in France and the United States was adopted for international purposes, and is to be known as the "international candle." It is maintained by means of electric incandescent lamps at the National Laboratories of the three countries named. (2) The definitions of the terms "luminous flux," "luminous intensity," and illumination," and the units of these quantities, viz. the lumen, the candle, and the lux (meter-candle), were agreed upon. (3) The subjects of heterochromatic photometry (including physical photometry and the characteristics of the "normal eye"), factory lighting, and automobile head-lighting were also discussed at the meetings, and sub-committees were appointed to study the questions from the international point of view during the next three years. The new president of the commission is Dr. E. P. Hyde, director of the Nela Research Laboratories of America, and Major Edgcumbe is one of the three vice-presidents. The next meeting of the commission was provisionally arranged to be held in New York in 1924.

CHEMISTRY AND CIVILIZATION

THE American Chemical Society, meeting this week in New York City, held on September 8 a session devoted to Chemistry and Civilization." According to the announcement Dr. Edgar F. Smith, provost emeritus, University of Pennsylvania, would be in the chair, and the speakers were: The rôle of chemistry, Dr. CHAS. BASKERVILLE, director of the Laboratories, College of the City of New York; chairman of the International Committee.

Energy; its sources and future possibilities, Dr. ARTHUR D. LITTLE, chemical engineer and technologist, Boston.

The engineer; human and superior direction of power, Dr. LEO H. BAEKELAND, honorary professor of chemical engineering, Columbia University.

Chemistry and life, SIR WILLIAM J. POPE, professor of chemistry, Cambridge University. Theories, Dr. WILLIS R. WHITNEY, head of research department, General Electric Company. Research applied to the world's work, Dr. C. E.

Problem of diffusion and its bearing on civilization, PROFESSOR ERNST COHEN, professor of chemistry, University of Utrecht. Catalysis: the new economic factor, PROFESSOR WILDER D. BANCROFT, professor of physical chemistry, Cornell University.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

DR. JOEL ASAPH ALLEN, curator of the Department of Birds and Mammals at the American Museum of Natural History since 1885, died at Cornwall-on-Hudson on August 29, aged eighty-three years.

As has already been noted in SCIENCE the Second International Congress of Eugenics, which will meet at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, from September 22 to 28, will hold four sections. The opening addresses before the sections are announced as follows: The address before Section I, Human and Comparative Heredity, will be given by M. Lucien Cuénot, professor of zoology and physiology in the University at Nancy, France, on " Adaptation and Modern Genetic Conception "; before Section II., Eugenics and the Human Family, by Dr. Herman Lundborg, professor of psychiatry and neurology in the University of Upsala, Sweden, on "Eugenics and the Human Family." The address before Section III, Human Racial Differences, will be given by Georges Vacher de Lapouge, Poitiers, France, the title of whose address is still to be announced. The address before Section IV, Eugenics and the State, will be given by Major Leonard Darwin, of London, on "The Aims and Methods of Eugenical Societies."

THE annual summer meeting of the American Phytopathological Society was held in conjunction with the Conference of Cereal Pathologists at St. Paul, Minnesota and Fargo, North Dakota on July 19 to 22 inclusive. The following scientific men were present as invited guests of the society: Dr. E. J. Butler, Imperial Bureau of Mycology, London; Dr Kingo Miyabe, professor of botany and director of the Botanic Garden, Hokkaido

J. Noble, and Mr. James P. Shelton, Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, Australia. Members of the society were present from Philippine Islands, from three provinces of Canada and from ten states. The meeting really constituted an international conference on cereal diseases. Drs. Butler and Miyabe will visit a number of institutions before returning home, and Mr. Noble and Mr. Shelton expect to remain for at least a year to engage in research. Professor A. Jaczewski, director of the Institute of Mycology and Phytopathology, Petrograd, Russia, and Professor N. I. Vavilov, Bureau of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, Petrograd, Russia, arrived too late to attend the conference. They will make an extended tour of the United States and Canada before returning to Russia.

THE following honorary degrees were conferred upon members of the British Medical Association by the University of Durham on the occasion of the recent meeting of the association in that city:-Doctor of Civil Laws: Sir William MacEwen, Sir Thomas Oliver, and Sir Humphry D. Rolleston. Doctor of Hygiene: Dr. T. E. Hill and Dr. J. W. Smith. Doctor of Science: Sir Arthur Keith. Doctor of Literature: Sir Dawson Williams, editor of the British Medical Journal. M.A.: Dr. Alfred Cox, medical secretary of the association.

A MARBLE bust of Professor E. Fuchs, the Vienna ophthalmologist, was unveiled at the University of Vienna on June 14, the occasion being his seventieth birthday. He retired in 1915.

F. J. W. ROUGHTON, of Trinity College, Cambridge has been elected to the Michael Foster research studentship in physiology. The Raymond Horton Smith prize in medicine has been awarded to Dr. R. L. M. Wallis of Downing College.

DR. CHARLES-EDWARD AMORY WINSLOW, of Yale University, medical director of the American Red Cross, is in Geneva attending the meeting of the Health Commission of the

League of Nations. The commission plans to organize a world health institution separate from the International Health Office of the Red Cross, to which the United States belongs.

DR. A. B. STOUT, of the N. Y. Botanical Garden, has spent two weeks at the State Experimental Station at Geneva, N. Y., in making further study of flower types in grapes and in the work of breeding for seedless sorts of hardy grapes. This work is being done in cooperation with the Department of Horticulture of the Experimental Station.

DR. GUSTAV T. TROEDSSON, privat-docent at the Geological Institute at Lund, Sweden, is accompanying Professor Percy E. Raymond, of Harvard University, on the third of the Shaler Memorial Expeditions for the study of the Ordovician in the southern Appalachians.

DR. J. W. KIMBALL, formerly research chemist at Delta Laboratory, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Arlington, N. J., has joined the staff of the National Aniline and Chemical Co., as research chemist at their works at Marcus Hook, Pa.

WE learn from Nature that a medal, to be known as the Meldola medal, will be presented annually by the Society of Maccabæans for the most noteworthy chemical work of the year carried out by a British subject who is not more than thirty years of age on completing the work. The award will be made by the council of the Institute of Chemistry acting with one member of the Society of Maccabæans, and power to vary the conditions of award is vested in the committee of the society and the council of the institute acting jointly. The object of instituting the medal is to recognize merit among the younger generation of chemists and to perpetuate the memory of Professor Raphael Meldola, the distinguished chemist who served as president both of the society presenting the medal and of the Institute of Chemistry. It is hoped that the first presentation will be made at the annual general meeting of the Institute of Chemistry on March 1, 1922.

Ar a meeting of the Royal College of Sur

geons of Edinburgh, held on July 18, the president, Dr. George Mackay, presented to the College a portrait of the late Lord Lister. The picture is a full-sized copy made by Mr. Dorfield Hardy of the portrait painted by W. Ouless, R. A., in the possession of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. In accepting the portrait on behalf of the College, the vice-president, Dr. McKenzie Johnston, expressed the satisfaction the college had in acquiring this memorial of its most distinguished fellow through the generosity of their president.

THE Priestley Memorial Committee of the American Chemical Society has reported that the sum of two thousand dollars has been collected and placed on interest. The committee has authorized the chairman to select an artist to copy the Stuart portrait of Priestley, which is now at Northumberland, Pa., and immediate steps will be taken to obtain a die for the Priestley medal.

PETER COOPER HEWITT, the electrical and mechanical engineer of New York City, died in Paris on August 25.

W. HORACE HOSKINS, professor of veterinary jurisprudence and dean of the New York State Veterinary College at New York University, died on August 17, aged sixty-one years.

W. E. ROLSTON, associated with Sir Norman Lockyer in the work of the Solar Physics Observatory at South Kensington until he enlisted in 1915, has died at the age of fortyfive years.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS

THE Journal of the Americal Medical Association states that members of the medical faculty of the University of Maryland Medical School, have placed their resignations in the hands of Dr. Albert F. Woods, president of the university. This action has been initiated by the medical men themselves in order that the faculty might be reorganized on a "half-time pay" basis. Plans for reorganization call for doubling the $500,000 a