the dangers accompanying it are very clearly revealed in considering how, in the first instance, liberty was lost and slavery established. Slavery was merely tolerated by the Constitution and in a very limited degree supported by law, but those who desired to make slavery a part of the national economy, persisted in their purpose of gradually developing and perfecting the system until it became firmly established as a primal institution of the land, to check and destroy which, finally required, for nearly a century, the greatest exertions of the best people of the whole country and the greatest civil war of all history. To secure to the slaves this freedom, Frederick Douglass labored and he lived to see that labor crowned with success in the guarantees of liberty thrust by the sword into the Constitution. This Constitution of the United States, through the vigor inhering in its thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments, strike to the ground, in its corrective force, any provision of State-Constitution or statute in direct conflict with the substance of these Amendments as interpreted and construed by the Supreme Court. But are the friends of Liberty to rest here? Can they safely leave attacks upon the principles of these Amendments unresisted and the disparagement of them unnoticed? Will the aggressive spirit which established and extended and defended slavery and which now, by every available means of force and fraud, openly and confessedly opposes and defeats the purposes and spirit of these Amendments of freedom, remain without result upon our liberties? Or will it not ultimately, in the practical operations of policy and the administration of the political, commercial, civil and social affairs of this nation, break down and override and render of no effect these constitutional safeguards of liberty? Continued existence is not only a function, but also a warfare. An element or organism is assured of continuity, or perpetuity, or survival, only when, to the power to live, it adds the capacity and disposition to assure itself protection and defence. Action and reaction, attack and opposition, impact and endurance, must measurably equal each other if equilibrium is to be maintained. If action be met by inaction, attack by submission, impact by demolition, the equilibrium will be destroyed, whether the principles involved be civil, political, moral or social. The relations of men will be changed; the equality inhering in a condition of liberty will be lost; the strong will become stronger, and the weak weaker. Instead of men and citizens, we shall again find masters and slaves. If this agreement be brought about by common agreement, or by what amounts to the same thing, by common indifference-against the letter and spirit of the organic law of the land—in open defiance of constitutional provisions meant to prevent such a happening, soon that organic law will be changed from the ideal it sought to enforce, to the actual situation it has to consider, and the potent and irresistible statute of custom, with its simplification of agreement and consent and authority, will emasculate and abrogate the Constitutional Amendments which Frederick Douglass, more than any other one agency in the world, made possible and real. To the lessons of virtue, truth and justice, of faith, hope and love, of temperance, patience and patriotism exemplified in the wonderful life and character of Frederick Douglass, must be added the wisdom which everywhere distinguished his career. Frederick Douglass was not only a good man and a great man-a reformer and a patriot whose genius at once both discerned the path of duty and liberty, and by sweet persuasion brought the feet of men to tread and abide therein; but, to the student, he was in himself a most complete and striking illustration of an educated man. He was an educated man who had learned how to successfully use his own faculties so as to make the hand cunning and skillful in work, the tongue instructive and persuasive in speech and the pen attractive and effective in composition. Frederick Douglass was wise without the discipline of the schools. He reached the goal of all mental culture without coursing the curriculum of the college. He was a close observer of men and things, and was an earnest and honest student of the open book of nature, whose study expands, enriches and exalts the mind and gives at last true learning, strong reason and sound sense. There he sought the infinite and eternal truth and when, in more or less full measure, he apprehended it, he felt the thrill of Kepler's exclamation, "O, Almighty God! I think Thy thoughts after Thee!" The favors of Divine Providence are ours in profusion; brought into our possession through the lives and labors of the devoted disciples of truth of every age and clime. Amid all these immortal benefactors of humanity, the majestic and heroic figure, the lofty genius, the marvelous power and the blameless life of Frederick Douglass will hold a foremost place while mankind shall cherish the love for virtue, justice and liberty. AN EXTRACT FROM THE ADDRESS OF PROFESSOR H. T. KEALING, PRESIDENT OF PAUL QUINN COLLEGE, WACO, TEXAS, Delivered at the Memorial Meeting held at Waco, Texas, March 27, 1895. Standards of greatness vary as much as standards of beauty, value or measure. There is the military standard-the standard of blood-which follows with breathless interest and approval Alexander from Macedonia to India, Hannibal from Spain to Rome, Cæsar from Gaul to Egypt, Napoleon from Toulon to Waterloo. But the standard of blood is a savage standard, and civilization, with all its arts, has failed to veneer its horrors more than when a thousand years ago the brawny Saxon drank wassail from the undried skulls of vanquished foes. There is the diplomatic standard-the standard of cunning—which takes by deception what war takes by force. Here are written high the names of Metternich, Richelieu, Tallyrand and Palmerston. The standard of cunning is but a refinement of the standard of blood. The one is a war of wits; the other a war of weapons; and both for selfish gain. There is a third-the patriotic standard; higher because broader and beneficent, which enthrones fidelity to one's own country, without ill will to that of another. But there is a fourth standard of greatness, to my mind, the truest of all. It may be called the Cosmopolitan. John Wesley hinted at it when he said, "The world is my parish."’ Cosmopolitan greatness embraces the world in its sympathies and dare rebuke one's country for one's kind. It has always courage to dare, do and die for a principle; has wide knowledge of history and deep discernment of its philosophy; it has courage to strike, patience to bear, skill to confound and power to prevail. Mr. Douglass had all this and, added to it, the gift of eloquence. His endowments of intellect, will, purpose and of physique were all of the first class. But great qualities alone do not make great men. They must be put to great uses. Just as the law takes no note of desires and intentions until they become overt in action so the court of the world registers no judgment against an unborn impulse or a sleeping power. Nor even when great deeds are wrought can the real degree of greatness be determined till the degree of resistance be known. Some men are greater in having reached mediocrity, than others in having gained distinction. Winkelried, breaking through the spears of the phalanx and falling dead, was greater than his general, who passed through the opening thus made, to victory. Mr. Douglass meets this test grandly. His slogan was, "One with God is a majority." This saying was his own and has already taken its place among the great epigrams of the world. The lives of Gladstone and Douglass form a wonderful parallel. Both devoted their lives to the battles of others. Both brought matchless eloquence and resource to their aid. Both were of iron will. Both were high minded and pure souled. Both were gentle in repose and leonine in action. Gladstone is white and was born to freedom. Douglass was dark in hue and born to chains. Gladstone shares with those around him in the pride and advantage of being an Englishman. Douglass was born an alien, isolated and despised. Gladstone found the doors of Oxford open and inviting him to the pursuit of classic lore; Douglass found, not only every school but every book closed against him, on pain of the lash. Gladstone had at his back a cultured titled constituency; Douglass fought to create a constituency. Gladstone entered the arena equipped for the struggle; Douglass armed himself from the quiver of his energy as he fought. Gladstone contended for political liberty, Douglass for liberty of body. Gladstone contended with personal friends; Douglass with personal enemies. Gladstone may have sometimes suffered from the sarcasm of heated debate, but Douglass was always sure of premeditated insult. Intellectually Gladstone had a fuller quiver, but Douglass a stronger bow Gladstone's logic may have been weightier, but Douglass' speech arm. was more overwhelming. Thus these two men, the one already accorded his place in the temple of fame, though living; the other denied it by many, even after death, are seen to be much alike in power and purpose, with the difference that the American conquered more difficulties to become a man, than the Englishman did to become a statesman. Can I ever forget the summer of 1893, when the great men of many nations assembled on the World's Fair grounds to receive the Spanish captain who had just arrived with the three Columbian vessels? Seated upon the platform were Secretary Herbert, Senator Sherman, Mayor Harrison, representatives of the French, of the English and a number of others, among whom was Mr. Douglass. The Spaniard spoke first, painting the glory of Spain; then the Frenchman, the Englishman and the American, each in turn responded, eloquently lauding their several countries. The program was then finished, but there arose a loud cry of "Douglass, Douglass!" Mr. Douglass shrank back and waved his hand deprecatingly, saying, "Friends, I am not on the program. But the cry arose more insistently, "Douglass, Douglass!'' till he stepped to the front. A great silence fell upon the throng as he stood there, straight, tall and broad-shouldered, with his halo of snowwhite hair gently waving in the breeze, and said, "It is a great thing to be a Spaniard and be heir to Spain's splendid history; it is a great thing to be a Frenchman, with all the honor of his country's past upon one; it is a great thing to be an Englishman, and feel the flow of that unconquered blood; it is greater still to be an American, of the youngest, fairest, strongest child of time; but greater, grander, incomparably more glorious than all, it is, to be a man!" That was all, but how that crowd surged, yelled and tossed its hats in the air. It was a sublime sentence, grandly uttered and to an audience from all over the world. And it was the only sentiment of that day that was broad enough to take in the world. EULOGY ON THE LIFE AND SERVICES OF HONORABLE Delivered at Lincoln Memorial Congregational Church, Washington, D. C., Sunday evening, April 28, 1895. In studying Mr. Douglass, we may be led into extreme enthusiasm. If we are so led the subject is our apology. This is the time for eulogy -this is the time for presenting those characteristics which will be of benefit to us and lead to a higher plane of living. As we consider what might be the theme for our remarks, so many virtues of this man crowd upon our minds that we are brought to pause where we shall first begin. Let us then trace some lines of his character and come to some lesson that surely must be there. What use are we to make of such a character as Frederick Douglass? Let his life be a lesson to all our children. Let his virtues be rehearsed to future generations. Let not one of us forget to hold him up as a pattern for young men in any station of life. Paul on Mars Hill is not a more striking and valuable lesson than Mr. Douglass upon the platform. They, both apostles, preached the doctrines of their Master. The Pauline echoes have been intensified by the Douglass reverberation; the fatherhood of God, the brotherhood of man, was their theme. Contemplate the Douglass character as you will, it is one of moral sublimity. His daring grand, his courage awe-striking. He stood "where Moses stood and viewed the landscape o'er." Ever conscious of his moral defence he could not be affrighted from his post. Xenophon in his Memorabilia says of Socrates: "Of those who knew what sort of a man Socrates was, such as were lovers of virtue continue to regret him above all other men even to the present day as having contributed in the highest degree to their advancement in goodness. To me being such as I have described him, so pious that he did nothing without the sanction of the gods; so just that he wronged no man in |