a large majority of both parties. The Anti-federalists opposed an increase of the army and of the Tariff, but both bills became law. An Apportionment Bill was also passed at this Session, which had no party interest. It increased the number of the House of Representatives to 105. Congress adjourned May 8th, 1792. June 1st Kentucky, formerly a part of the State of Virginia, entered the Union.

12. Party Organization may be considered as fairly begun about the close of this Session. The occasional irritation shown in the debates is an evidence that the first ill-defined estimate of the new scheme of government was giving way to positive and settled opinions of its powers, and of the policy which should be followed in managing it. It is probable that a majority of the American people were Anti-federalist in 1789, although the Federalists, by the active assistance of many of their natural opponents, had gained the Executive, the Senate, the House, the Judiciary, and most of the State Legislatures, and were able to defeat the disagreeing factions known collectively as Anti-federalists. In 1792 affairs were beginning to settle into a more natural order. The various Anti-federalist factions, by union in resisting the Federalists, had learned to forget minor differences, and had been welded into one party which only lacked a name. That of Anti-federalist was no longer applicable, for its opposition to the Federal Union had entirely ceased.

1792.]

Party Names.

27

13. A name was supplied by Jefferson, the recognized leader of the party, after the French Revolution had fairly begun its course. That political convulsion had, for some time after 1789, the sympathy of both Federalists and Anti-federalists, for it seemed the direct outgrowth of the American Revolution. But, as its leveling objects became more apparent, the Federalists grew cooler and the Anti-federalists warmer toward it. The latter took great pains, even by dress and manners, to show the keenness of their sympathy for the Republicans of France, and about this time adopted the name Democratic-Republican, which seemed sufficiently comprehensive for a full indication of their principles. This has always been the official party title. It is now abbreviated to Democratic, though the name Democrat was at first used by Federalists as one of contempt, and the party called itself Republican, a title which it could hardly claim with propriety, for its tendency has always been toward a democracy, as that of its opponents has been to ward a strong republic. The name Republican, therefore, belongs most properly to its present possessors (1890). But it must be remembered that the party which will be called Republican until about 1828 was the party which is now called Democratic.

14. The tendency toward Party Division was shown even in the Cabinet. Hamilton and Jefferson were influenced by personal antagonism and

suspicion, as well as by political opposition. In this, as in everything else, they were the perfect representatives of their parties. In Cabinet meetings they were, in Jefferson's own words, "pitted against one another like game-cocks," to the great grief of the President, who could not see in their wrangling the inevitable operation of political repulsions, which he would not be able to control much longer, either in the Cabinet or in the country.

15. At the request of both Federalists and Republicans, Washington consented to serve as President a second time, so that only the Vice-Presidency was left as an object of party contest. For this office the Federalists supported John Adams, and the Anti-federalists supported George Clinton, of New York. To have supported Jefferson would have cost the vote of Virginia, whose electors could not have voted for Washington and Jefferson, both from Virginia. The Presidential Election took place November 6th, 1792, and resulted in the success of the Federalists.

16. Congress met November 5th, 1792. Its measIId Congress, ures had reference mainly to the 2d Session. raising and expenditure of the revenue, in regard to which the Republicans had not yet settled upon any united course of action. The only party contest of the Session was an unsuccessful attempt of the Republicans to pass a vote of censure upon their enemy Hamilton for his management of the Treasury, and for his indignant and

1793.]

Presidential Election.

29

somewhat discourteous language in a message to the House. In February, 1793, the electoral votes were counted, and were found to be, for George Washington 132 (each of the electors having given him one vote), for John Adams 77, for George Clinton 50, for Thomas Jefferson 4, and for Aaron Burr 1. Washington was therefore declared elected President, and Adams Vice-President. March 2d, 1793, Congress adjourned, and March 4th, Washington and Adams were sworn into office.

CHAPTER ¡II.

SECOND ADMINISTRATION, 1793-1797.

Seorge Washington, President.

John Adams, Vice-President.

III and IVth Congresses.

1. EARLY in April, 1793, news was received that France had declared war against Great Britain and Holland. It excited the sympathies of the American people for their sister republic, even though that republic was the aggressor. One of the great parties specially affected the leveling principles avowed by the French Republicans, and the opposite party would not have objected to their limited success. There was no open war party as yet, though many considered the treaty (of 1778) still in force, which bound France and the United States to offensive as well as defensive alliance. The country was in a position to drift easily into war as an ally of France; and many of its citizens were certain to criticise severely any act of their own government which seemed unfriendly to the French Republic.

2. Washington always deliberated slowly and