brave sailors for the assistance, which they could no longer afford. The Egyptians soon came up, and he fell under a shower of bullets. Not a Greek now remained alive on Sphacteria. Count Santa Rosa had disdained to fly, and bravely met a glorious death among the desperate defenders of the island. Finally, the last surviver, Dimitri Sartouri, the commandant of the fortress of Navarino, plunged into the sea, and swam to the vessel. Psamado's crew learning the fate of their captain from him, prepared to make their way out, through the Egyptian fleet, which now closed up the entrance of the harbor. Although immediately surrounded by five vessels, this solitary little merchant brig, of eighteen guns, resolutely fought her way along for six hours, in almost a dead calm, and escaped with the loss of only two men killed, after sustaining an attack from thirty-four ships of war. This battle was most fatal in its consequences to the Greeks. Three hundred and fifty soldiers, and ninety seamen, perished; actually a greater number than Hydra had lost during the whole revolution. Psamado was the brother in arms of Miaulis, and one of the most distinguished Hydriot captains. So bitterly was his death felt by his crew, that one of them endeavored, in his despair, to set fire to the powder magazine, and blow up the brig.-Hydra was filled with lamentation and mourning, when tidings of the misfortune reached the inhabitants. At the seat of the war, the immediate consequence of losing the island of Sphacteria was the surrender of Old Navarino, otherwise called Palaio Castro. This fortress is situated on a small peninsula, united to the main land by two narrow isthmuses; the space between which is occupied by a salt water lake. Defences had been erected on each of these necks of land; and the Egyptians obtained possession of one of them, and of the only spring which supplied the garrison with fresh water, on the evening after the capture of Sphacteria. Desperate as the situation of the garrison now was, they, nevertheless, determined to hold out to the last moment. Accordingly, they maintained their ground the next day, against a vigorous assault of the besiegers. But on Tuesday, two of the French officers in the Egyptian service, proposed a capitulation, and gave the strongest assurances of its being faithfully observed. Psa- faithfully observed. The garrison, considering that, if taken by assault, they would retain no claim to mercy, and that they must surrender, from famine, in a few days, at most, at length accepted the terms offered; marched out to the number of 1070 men; and after giving up their arms, were suffered to depart in safety. Ibrahim had previously made prisoners of Hadgi Christo, and the bishop of Modon, the two principal Greek command ers. As might be anticipated, the fall of Navarino itself soon followed; for the whole united power of the Egyptian army was directed to its reduction. Incapable of successfully resisting a force so disproportionate to their own, and straight ened for provisions and water, the garrison, after holding out until no hope of succor either by sea or land remained, at length capitulated May 23d, under guarantee of some European vessels in the harbor. By the conditions of surrender, the Greeks were to march out without arms, and to be transported to Calamata; and the Egyptians fully complied with the treaty, except in retaining Iatracco, and Georgio, son of Petro Bey, on the pretext that the Greeks had in like manner, detained two pachas after the capitulation of Napoli. By gaining this admirable harbor, the Egyptians secured a safe wintering place, and obtained possession of a key to the entire western coast of the Morea. The ut most dismay now seized on the Moreots. They loudly demanded the release of Colocotroni, to which the government yielded their consent. He arrived at Napoli, May 13th, and his reconciliation with the government, was celebrated with enthusiastic rejoicings, They mutually agreed, upon a general amnesty and oblivion of all past injuries; and zealously united together in the common cause, of opposing the farther progress of the Egyptians. Colocotroni summoned all the inhabitants of the Morea, to his standard. Pappa Flescia, minister of the interior, marched forward to garrison Arcadia, a fortress not far from Navarino. Petro Bey repaired to Maina; and undertook to raise his followers. Every where, a new spirit seemed to be infused into the bosom of the Greeks, by their recent disasters. Ibrahim remained a few days at Navarino to repair the shattered fortifications, and then leaving a part of his army at Modon, set out with the rest for Calamata, and Arcadia; both which he captured, notwithstanding the determined stand made at the latter by Pappa. Flescia, who fell, after performing prodigies of valor. Colocotroni, perceiving that the Egyptians meant to advance to Tripolizza, after various skirmishes and ineffectual attempts to stop the enemy, was obliged to burn the town, and remove the inhabitants to Argos, and Napoli di Romania. Ibrahim entered Tripolizza. June 20th, with 7,000 troops. From thence he ad vanced and pitched his camp between Mylos and Argos, only three days march from Napoli. He reached this place of encampment unmolested: Colocotroni, who supposed his line of march would lie in the direction of Patras, having drawn off his troops to occupy the passes in that quarter. Apprehensions for the capital being entertained, in these circumstances, prince Demetrius Ipsilanti, occupied the position of Mylos. Here the Egyptians attacked the Greeks; but the latter defended themselves so resolutely, that the enemy drew off intimidated, and passed onward to Argos. After burning this little town, the pacha struck his tents, and commenced a retrograde march on Tripolizza. Meanwhile Colocotroni, apprised of his movements, hastily returned to occupy the Parthenian passes, and cut off his retreat to Modon. But owing to his superior military knowledge, Ibrahim divided his line into two columns, and marching on each side of the Moreots, reached Tripolizza, before Colocotroni knew of his departure from Mylos. The Egyptians remained at Tripolizza until September, when they retired to Calamata. Colocotroni was encamped in his vicinity during this time; but with troops so dispirited, and fluctuating in numbers, that no dependance could be placed upon their exertions. The whole country between Tripolizza and Modon, was in possession of Ibrahim's soldiers, who reduced every village to ashes; and cruelly murdered every unfortunate peasant, who chanced to fall into their hands. A contagious disorder, with symptoms of plague, having made its appearance at Modon, he seemed resolved to remain at Calamata, to await the reinforcements, which he expected from Egypt; and also the progress of affairs at Messolunghi, to which it is time we should revert. Previous to doing this, however, we shall narrate some important transactions, which occurred in another part of Greece. Ulysses, the powerful and crafty chieftain of Livadia, induced by some extraor-. dinary motive, either of ambition, or of resentment, towards the government, withdrew himself, in the spring, from all connection with it, and confined his attention solely to his own province of Livadia. He fortified, as a strong hold, in case of the last necessity, a cave on Mount Parnassus, which was accessible only by ladders, and completely bomb proof, although capable of accommodating 2,000 persons, within its interior. Thither he removed his treasures, and family; and collected a supply of arms, and sufficient ammunitions, and provisions, for a long siege. For the purpose of obtaining possession of the Negroponts, he opened a correspondence with the pacha, who had been one of his early friends. Frequent conferences followed, all with the same object. It is not probable, he entertained any design of betraying his country, although that has been imputed to him; but the better opinion is, that he merely designed to increase his own personal power, and thus to render himself independent, of the government, which was under the influence of his personal enemies. No sooner did his negotiations become public, than he was declared a traitor; and general Goura, a man, who owed all his fortunes to Ulysses, was appointed to command the forces in Attica, and to reduce the insurgent chief. imbecility of the government, which cut him off in this way; not daring to trust the result of a regular trial. Thus fell, a victim, either of his vices, or of civil discord, one of the most renowned, able, brave, and active, of the Greek chieftains, who, had he continued faithful to his country, might have done her the best service, in her present hour of trial. We left the Turks before Messolunghi, in April, preparing for the siege of that place. They continued their preparations until May 10th, when they commenced bombarding the garrison, who returned their shot with equal vigor. At this time, the besieging force consisted of about 14,000 men, under the command of Kiaowtaches, and Youseph, pacha of Patras. The besieged felt confidence in the strength of the town, and in their ability to hold it, against the enemy; particularly if assisted by the Greek fleet, which was able to cut off the communication between the Turkish army acropoand Patras. Little injury was sustained by the town, from the fire of the enemy, in consequence of their want of artillery, and of disciplined troops. In Messolunghi, therefore, the inhabitants, acting merely on the defensive. seemed likely, if well supplied with provisions, to prove a match for the Turks. But neither party displayed much activity. Ulysses, therefore, assembled his followers; and some slight skirmishes between his soldiers, and those of Goura, ensued; but in April, he surrendered himself to the latter; and was immediately imprisoned in the lis, at Athens. Here he remained till late in June; when he died. The account of his death, circulated by the government, represented him as having been dashed to pieces, on the pavement, at the foot of the tower, whilst en deavoring to escape from it. But there is much reason to believe, that this story was feigned, to cover the In the district of Cravari, however, eastward of Messolunghi, the war proceeded with more spirit. Early in May, a small body of Roumeliots attacked a position of the enemy, at the village of Pappadia, defended by Babousa Sebrane, with a force 2,000 strong. After sustaining some loss, the Turks abandoned the position, and retreated to a monastery, between Loidorikion, and Cravari, where they were again successfully attacked by the Greeks. Occasional skirmishes continued to occur in the district called the Venetico, during the rest of the summer; and also in the west of the Morea, where the peasantry suffered much from incursions of the garrison of Patras, who penetrated to Gastouni and Clarenza, and almost entirely consumed the latter place. The Turks also captured Salona. Thus affairs remained in this quarter, until the close of August. By that time, the garrison of Messolunghi began to be straightened extremely for provisions; and all hope of saving it, depended upon the operations of the fleet. A squadron accordingly advanced to Messolunghi ; but could not immediately afford the needed succor; because the Turkish vessels occupied the narrow channel, leading to the town. But availing themselves of a favorable wind, and a dark night, the Greek ships quietly passed the Turkish line, and took a position within it. When day broke, and exhibited the situation of things to the Turkish fleet, they drew off in great consternation, and left the Greeks opportunity to throw a sufficient quantity of stores into the town, to secure the garrison from future want. All apprehension for the safety of Messolunghi being at an end, the Greeks set sail, in pursuit of the Turkish squadron, which was making for Rhodes. Soon afterwards, in the beginning of September, the Turkish land forces hastily retired from before the town, and retreated in the direction of Arta, thus entirely failing in their third attempt upon Messolunghi. With this event, which restored fresh spirits to the Greeks, the campaign seemed to be verging to a close. Something had been necessary to save the people from absolute despondency, at the signal successes of the Egyptians. On the fall of Navarino, and the subsequent advance of Ibrahim to Tripolizza, faction and foreign intrigue, added new disorders to those brought on by defeat, and by financial distress. Taking advantage of the emergency, general Roche, a Philhellenist, having credentials from the Greek committee of Paris, busied himself in proposing to the government at Navarino, to accept a French prince for sovereign. He succeeded in creating |