a faction in favor of his plan; but met with strong opposition from the Hydriots, from Mavrocordato, and from Tricoupi; who declared their preference for England, in case the Greeks should be compelled to put themselves under the protection of any foreign power. This partiality for the English, becoming, in the sequel, still more decided, and the government expressing a disposition to solicit the interference of Great Britain; general Roche drew up a protest against the measure, alleging it to be derogatory to the honor of his nation. In this idle and unauthorised act, he was joined by Mr. Washington, a young American, who assumed to represent the feelings of the people of the United Sates on the subject. Their gasconading protest justly exposed both these gentlemen to much ridicule, not only in Greece, but, also, in the rest of Europe, and in America. Mr. Washington would have done greater credit to his country, by emulating Mr. Jarvis, Dr. Howe, and Mr. Miller, who more faithfully represented the good will of America towards Greece, in active personal service in her cause, at the post of danger. Indeed, it has been among not the least of the misfortunes of unhappy Greece, that individuals, puffed up with imaginary consequence, from their connection with Greek committees,

have intermeddled with the affairs of the revolutionary government, in a manner equally obtrusive in itself, and deleterious in its effects.

In our account of the campaign by land, we have occasionally introduced notices of the Greek navy; but its achievements have been too glorious to be passed by, without a more particular explanation of the operations by sea. In the spring of the year, the fleet was divided into two squadrons. One of them, consisting of twenty-two gun brigs, partly Ipsariots, and partly Hydriots, cruised among the islands, and off Mytilene, to watch the departure of the Turkish fleet from the Dardanelles. The other, containing twenty-six sail, beside fire-ships, was stationed off Cerigo, under the command of the celebrated Miaulis, to observe the movements of the Egyptians.

Miaulis fell in with the Egyptian fleet, April 28th, and made an attack with his brulots; but, owing to the want of sufficient wind, he was unable to accomplish any thing: and the Egyptians passed him, and debarked at Modon. Miaulis followed them with his whole force, and four fire-ships, . and entered the harbor of Modon, May 12th, contemporaneously with the inauspicious events at Navarino. He found two frigates, and four corvettes, with numerous transports, in the harbor; and a favora

ble breeze springing up at the same time, carried the brulots in, and prevented the egress of the Egyptians. The latter, finding their escape impracticable, fell into confusion, and were driven together beneath the walls of the fortress, where they all, to the number of twenty-five sail, became a prey to the flames. Nor was this all. Burning timbers, and other missiles, thrown up by the explosion of the ships, fell within the walls, and set fire to a magazine, containing a large quantity of ammunition, which exploded with a tremendous shock, perceptible several miles at sea. Unopposed by the terrified Egyptians, Miaulis brought off his brulottiers without the loss of a single man, and immediately sailed for Calamata.

The incident, which we have just related, affords a just idea of the victories of the Greek navy. No small part of the honor due to their actions belongs to the brulottiers, and a few of the ships of war, while the bulk of the fleet has rendered comparatively small service, to their country. The largest vessels being mostly merchant ships or brigs, the private property of individuals; their owners have been over cautious, in many instances, to prevent their sustaining damage. In the summer of 1825, the entire fleet did not exceed 65 sail; of which the Hydriots owned

forty, the Spezziots sixteen, and the rest were the remnant of the squadron of Ipsara. Among the brulottier captains, Constantine Canaris, had obtained the highest distinction; and among the others, next to the admiral Miaulis, might be mentioned Psamado, Sokini, Kreisi, Panagiota, the vice admiral Saktouri, and the Ipsariot admiral Apostoli.

After the affair of Modon, the Greek fleet retired to the bay of Kolokythia, to careen and take in fresh stores, and obtain fresh brulots for another expedition; for the purpose of endeavoring to destroy the rest of the Egyptian fleet. Miaulis set sail May 25th; and off cape Matapan, received the disheartening intelligence of the surrender of Navarino. The next day, he met the Egyptians steering apparently for Candia; and determined to follow them. A sort of running fight was maintained between the two fleets for seven days; but the Greeks had no good opportunity to effect any thing with their fire ships, and did not possess adequate forces to venture upon attacking the Egyptians in any other manner. At length, want of provisions compelled Miaulis to retire to the bay of Vathico; and the Egyptians immediately steered for the harbor of Suda.

Early in June, Miaulis had information of the necessity of his re

lieving Messolunghi; and he resolved to strike a decisive blow, by destroying the whole Egyptian fleet in Suda, which would effectually arrest the movements of Ibrahim pacha. But, in the mean time, the appalling news reached him that the Turkish fleet had passed the Dardanelles, and was rapidly approaching Hydra. Filled with apprehensions for the safety of their families and homes, the Hydriots hastily weighed anchor, and crowded every sail to fly to the succor of their beloved island; which contained all most dear to them in life. On arriving off Hydra, all their fears were happily dispelled, by the intelligence of the total defeat and dispersion of the hostile fleet, by the brave Saktouri.

Saktouri's division had been cruising for two months, in the Archipelago, for the purpose of intercepting the Ottoman fleet. His vigilance was a little lulled, perhaps, by continued disappointment; and the Turks arrived off Negropont May 31st, ere Saktouri, who was lying near Samos, was aware of their movements. He lost no time in pursuing them, and engaged them off Capo d'Ovo, in Negropont. His fire ships succeeded in destroying a rase of sixty-six guns, a corvette, and a frigate; and captured five transports laden with stores, arms, and ammunition, which

were safely conveyed to Spezzia. The remainder of the fleet escaped, after being dispersed in all directions, except a corvette, which was abandoned by her crew, and blown up, to prevent her falling into the hands of the Greeks.

ron.

Miaulis therefore steered south again, for his original destination, being joined by Saktouri's squadAfter a short delay at Milo, they proceeded for Suda, June 10th, with a fleet of seventy vessels, and arrived there in two days. To his great chagrin, Miaulis discovered that a French vessel of war, the Daphne, had sailed from Milo, in anticipation of him; and apprised the Egyptians, of his design. In consequence of this, he found them drawn up inside the harbor with more than ordinary skill, in four divisions; so that if one should be fired, the other three would still remain uninjured. Nevertheless, Miaulis prepared to attack the division in the outermost part of the harbor, consisting of about forty vessels. But all his exertions ended in the destruction of one corvette, which he did not accomplish without the loss of three brulots, and considerable damage to his ships of war. A few days afterwards, a severe gale of wind dispersed the Greek fleet, and Miaulis concluded to return to Vathico.

Whilst the fleet lay there, the ship of Athanasius Kreisi was

blown and himself, his brother, up, and sixty seamen destroyed. It appeared from the evidence of a sailor who escaped, that a Turkish slave, in revenge of a blow he received, had set fire to the powder magazine. When intelligence of this affair reached Hydra, it led to an explosion of popular vengeance, of the most deplorable kind. Almost every individual in Kreisi's vessel, left relations or connections at Hydra; and the infuriated mob immediately rushed to the prison, where a large number of Turkish captives were confined, and massacred every one of these unresisting wretches. The work of slaughter continued during the afternoon and evening, until the populace, after clearing the prison, dragged every slave from the houses and from on board the ships in the harbor, and stabbed them on the shore. They killed, in this manner, upwards of two hundred captives and slaves. No attempt was made by the primates, to put a stop to these disgraceful deeds, aware, perhaps, of their inability to interfere to much purpose.

Meanwhile, the Egyptian fleet, gathering courage, after the departure of Miaulis, left Suda, with a reinforcement of 5,000 troops for Navarino. The Greeks sailed from Vathico, June 26th; and the next day fell in with the Egyptians; but, after losing three brulots, in

a fruitless attack upon the enemy,

Miaulis was compelled to retire, and the Egyptians reached Navarino in safety.

No other enterprise of any consequence, was undertaken by the fleet, until August, when a division of it relieved Messolunghi, as we have already seen, and arrested the progress of the enemy in that direction. Another squadron sailed for Alexandria, with the hope of destroying the Egyptian navy in that port. But here they were unsuccessful. The activity of the Egyptians baffled all their exertions; and they lost their brulots, without doing any execution among the enemy. The failure of this bold attempt, greatly disappointed the Greeks, who, in thus attacking the Egyptians in their own waters, counted upon effectually crippling their formidable foe.

Thus have we brought down the history of the affair of Greece, to near the close of the year 1825. Since that time, the affairs of that beautiful, but oppressed country, have reached such a crisis, that nothing, it would seem, but the interposition of the other Christian powers, can save it from the catastrophe of utter desolation. portant as have been the events of the last year, including the fall of Messolunghi, after a heroic defence, and the continued success of the Egyptian arms, we choose

Im

rather to defer giving a narration of them until another volume, than to rely upon the unsatisfactory accounts of public newspapers for a knowledge of the facts.

The same period also embraces the radical reformation, introduced into the Turkish army by sultan Mahmoud, in imitation of what Mohammed Ali had already done

in Egypt. But ere we resume the history of Greece at the expiration of the year, we trust that the great nations of christendom will have exerted the power which they possess, to staunch the effusion of blood in a desperate contest, which is absolutely destroying Greece, instead of restoring it to the Ottoman empire.