tion printed matter for distribution to the Rev. Harold Marshall, Melrose Forum, Melrose, Mass.; Mr. Charles Laird, Brockton, Mass.; and Mr. John Codman, Ford Hall, Boston, Mass.

Lochner, who replied to Mme. Schwimmer at once (March 24, 1915), was only too eager to follow her advice. He announced that Miss Addams was urging a Congress of Women at the Hague "to be followed immediately by one of men and women of the neutral powers. .. I have just returned from a trip through Kentucky and you will be amused to hear that I had first to bring people to see that peace is desirable. They are very backward You be sure that I may

gave

in their views there. them 'red hot stuff.' . . . Finally, may I not take this means of introducing to you a Miss Angelica Post, 218 West Springfield street, Boston, whom I have never met personally, but who, I take it from her letters has stood almost alone in Boston in urging upon her German fellow citizens that they abandon their jingoistic attitude and see whether something cannot be done to stop the war."

These letters are the last words to be heard in this country from either Mme. Schwimmer or Lochner for some months. We must therefore, leave the Emergency Peace Federation for the time being with its fortunes to be taken overseas by Mme. Schwimmer. With her, or about the same time, forty-two other pacifist or radical American women, including Emily Greene Balch, Alice Hamilton, Leonora O'Reilly, Fannie Fern Andrews, Florence Holbrook, as well as Mrs. Pethick-Lawrence of England, sailed for Rotterdam, in order to attend the meeting of the International Congress of Women at the Hague on May 1, 1915. (From "Women at the Hague.") As will be seen, Lochner a little later followed with Jane Addams herself, as delegate to the Congress.

The next time we hear of The Emergency Peace Federation in this country is in Chicago, September, 1915, under its new name of the National Peace Federation,

CHAPTER II

National Peace Federation - September, 1915, to December 4, 1915 That Frau Schwimmer and her group were followed by Lochmer and Miss Addams in April, 1915, is evidenced by a picture post card of the S. S. Rotterdam (sent to an official of the National Peace Federation in Chicago) dated April 13 and signed “Jane Addams, Sophonisba Breckenridge and Louis P. Lochner."

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Concerning the activities of the group after reaching the Hague, we note from a memorandum of one of the National Peace. Federation officials of the period:

"During the summer of 1915, when Miss Jane Addams, Miss Sophonisba Breckenridge and Mr. Lochner (acting as special secretary to Miss Addams) went to the Hague, they organized with the assistance of different European delegates (including Mme. Schwimmer) the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. The British delegate Miss Chrystal McMillan, delegate from a Suffrage Alliance of England, is the present Recording Secretary of the International Suffrage Alliance. Miss Addams, Mr. Lochner and other members of Congress also went to Germany, giving lectures there."

Further evidence that these "Pacifists" were establishing European Headquarters for American Peace Socialists in 1915 may be found in the following notations on the letter-head of the Woman's Peace Party of New York City: "National Woman's Peace Party, Jane Addams, Chairman, Washington, D. C., Jan. 10, 1915; Woman's Peace Party of New York City, Mrs. Amos Pinchot, Chairman, Feb. 19, 1915; International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, The Hague, Apr. 28, 1915."

We have indeed Lochner's written word for it that Miss Addams spent some of her time abroad "in interviewing the lealing statesmen of the warring countries." (Form letter Sept. 16, 1915.)2 Certain it is that by September Frau Schwimmer, Miss Addams and Lochner were all back in this country, cooperating presently with Miss McMillan (who seems to have been closely associated with Mme. Schwimmer's enterprises), in sending out under the auspices of the National Peace Federation

1 See illustration.

See Addendum Part I. The Woman's International Congress.

"The Manifesto issued by the envoys of the International Congress of Women." (Letter Oct. 17, 1915, from Albert H. Hall, Minneapolis, to Lochner.) There was also evolved a resolution in favor of a Mediatory Commission of Neutrals, generally called the Jane Addams Resolution. This, according to a form letter of Lochner, " came out of a series of meetings, held by small but influential groups in New York and Chicago after the return of Miss Addams from the capitals of Europe. It attempts to secure action along the lines which Miss Addams. (and others who have had an opportunity to study the European situation at first hand) as a result of her interviews with leading statesmen in the warring countries believes practicable" (Form letter, Sept. 16, 1915.)

Concretely the Resolution urged ". the appointment of an International Commission, drawn from the neutral nations of Europe as well as the United States, which shall explore the issue involved in the present struggle and on the basis of its findings submit propositions to the belligerent nations, in the hope that such effort will not only clear the ground for final peace negotiations, but also influence such terms of settlement as will make for constructive and lasting peace." (From Jane Addams Resolution adopted by Henry Booth House, Chicago, Sept. 19, 1915.)

In connection with the Manifesto we quote from a letter to Miss Addams from Mr. Kellogg of "The Survey," dated October 8, 1915: ". I sent copies of the manifesto to Mr. Lochner. Miss McMillan and Mme. Schwimmer have copies and you have given one to Mrs. Mead. I fancy all four of them are to be at the San Francisco peace meeting, and it occurs to me that they might get together in some signal use of the manifesto on the 15th, and that word from you might get them to join in any plan rather than go their own ways. It could of course be read from the platform on that date. Mrs. Mead sent us ten days ago her address in San Francisco which we are running in an early issue as enclosed . . . Is there any way in which on or about the 15th something could be gotten out, some interview perhaps which would use this manifesto as a text and put the thing straight up to the White House? Why would it not be possible for Mrs. Mead, Mme. Schwimmer, Mr. Lochner and Miss McMillan to arrange for such a resolution at San Francisco?"

Though we have no acknowledgment of this letter from Miss Addams, we have one from Lochner to Kellogg, dated October 29, 1915, as follows: ". Enclosed is our next stunt." "Under

another cover I am sending you additional copies."

No doubt Kellogg's suggestion of the manifesto being "used as a text and put the thing straight up to the White House" was the germ of the idea to organize meetings all over the country with the object of sending thousands of peace messages to President Wilson on November 8, 1915, all clamoring for a peace dictated by the inevitable Conference of Neutrals. Dr. George Nasmyth, for instance, wired Lochner on Nov. 1, 1915: "Send ten more sets, Nov. 8, Neutral Conference material," to which request Lochner complied on Nov. 2d, adding: "I am relying on Miss Balch and you to swing Massachusetts for us

Miss Chrystal McMillan's part in the program of the "Mediatory Commission of Neutrals" may be indicated by quoting from two letters, the first to her from Lochner of October 29, 1915. Under separate cover I am sending you a bunch of the material that we are getting out for a nation-wide demonstration. The very next day after you left we plunged into this job, and I hope it was done to your satisfaction." The second letter from Miss McMillan herself to Frau Schwimmer is dated Washington, D. C., Nov. 2, 1915, and reports some very ambitious efforts on her part in behalf of The Case of Continuous Meditation. "Villard gave me an introduction to Lansing, Secretary Lane and Polk. Kirchwey, though his time is much engaged with Sing Sing prison, is getting together some people likely to have influence on the President to bring pressure on him." On the whole, Miss McMillan (who was one of the delegates to the 1920 Peace Conference at Berne this summer) could not report any definite success for her endeavors. She closes by hoping that Frau Schwimmer "will have a good meeting at Detroit and success with Ford."

During the series of these peace meetings in Detroit early in November, 1915, begun under the auspices of the Envoys of the International Congress of Women, one Rebecca Shelly telegraphed Lochner Nov. 3d as follows:

"Parsons wants meeting under auspices of your Federation. I have agreed to it on Mme. Schwimmer's advice. Angell to come but now ill. Have telegraphed

Kirchwey and La Follette.

Send any literature wish distributed."

Wire possible speakers.

Lochner's answer reads:

"Charlotte Perkins Gilman can be had through us for fifty dollars and expenses. Mrs. Philip Snowden for hundred dollars net. Carl Thompson for fifty. Probably Dr. Mez would come from Washington."

The Parsons mentioned by Miss Shelly was the Rev. C. E. Parsons, an official of the National Peace Federation in Detroit, who wrote to Lochner on Nov. 6, 1915:

by the mass meeting.

A splendid impression has been made in Detroit An impression that the meeting was a beginning of a series under the auspices of the Woman's International Congress was for some time prevailing, despite my constant endeavor to change it (referring apparently to Frau Schwimmer and Miss Shelly's decision to continue meetings under National Peace Federation auspices).

Lochner, in answering Parsons, said:

66

I am rather sorry you are so emphasizing the fact that you worked hard to avoid the impression that the meeting was under the auspices of the Woman's International Congress. . . . The thing that I am just now interested in is that we immediately get a good bunch of money

Though Miss Shelly, Frau Schwimmer and Parsons (a member of the Flint, Michigan, Board of Commerce) were all excellent organizers, yet there had undoubtedly been difficulty in raising a sufficient "bunch of money" for Lochner's purposes. On October 26, 1915, when Frau Schwimmer had telegraphed to Dr. Kirchwey at Columbia College:

"Secretary Lochner of National Peace Federation prepared all material for organization of nation-wide meetings to be held November 8, to impress Wilson for Neutral Conference. Everything ready but lack one thousand dollars may spoil whole splendid work. Can you get this sum pledged through your friends immediately

and a similar appeal to Mrs. Joseph Fels at Philadelphia,— we know that Dr. Kirchwey at least was unable to meet her wishes. This is set down in a long letter to Kirchwey from Lochner, dated Nov. 2, 1915, from which we quote: