"Here in Chicago we hope to have about 50 simultaneous meetings rather than one big one. We want to get the White House bombarded with messages We can probably use the entire machinery that we have set in motion several times now, and that we are hiding under the all-inclusive name of the National Peace Federation for getting up a tremendous protest against increased armaments.”

He ends by offering to submit to Kirchwey "the underlying scheme for a National Peace Federation."

Now that we know the National Peace Federation, with its affiliated peace and civic societies, was merely an instrument of the International Congress of Women; that its envoys, Jane Addams, Mme. Schwimmer and Miss McMillan, were using the forces of the Peace Federation of this country in order to bring about a bombardment of the White House on November 8th, and that the hidden object of this peace drive was to create a protest against increased armament - the air is somewhat cleared and we can proceed to follow further developments of the campaign.

While Miss Shelly, Mme. Schwimmer et al., were busy in the field, Lochner at National Peace Federation headquarters in Chicago had naturally not been idle. As early as September 16, 1915, Lochner was forwarding the Jane Addams Resolution with his request for endorsements1 to his followers. On October 26th he sent a telegram to Hamilton Holt, President of the Federation, which had the flavor of Mme. Schwimmer's own fund-raising messages: "Plans complete for simultaneous meetings throughout the country November 8th to practically force President's hand for Neutral Conference. Need thousand dollars at once from New York. Can you raise it by tomorrow? If not what is earliest possible date?" We have no answer on record from Mr. Holt.

On October 29th Lochner again sent out many letters working toward the November 8th demonstration. His letters to peace, civic, Socialist, fraternal, labor, business men's, religious and other societies, exhibit as usual in each case skillful differentia'tion.2

From letter to Joseph J. Russell. Charleston, Mo., Sept. 16, 1915. 2 Bulletin letters of October 29, 1915.

About this time several affiliated organizations of the National Peace Federation began to give valuable co-operation in the November 8th drive, among the Woman's Peace Party, through Crystal Eastman; the World Peace Foundation, through Edwin C. Mead; 2 the Federal Council of Churches, through Rev. Martin Hardin; and certain peace groups in Boston, through Dr. George Nasmyth. Apparently things seemed to be going so well that a cablegram was drafted (in Mme. Schwimmer's handwriting) for Lochner to send to the Women's Peace Committee at Amsterdam. It reads as follows:

3

4

"National Peace Federation organizing thousands of meetings throughout America for November eighth urging Wilson's co-operation to form Neutral Conference. Give publicity.-LOCHNER.”

We have also on file the draft of a telegram, in Lochner's handwriting, to Mr. John Gavit, of the New York "Evening Post," which reads:

"Can you see that Reuter and Wolff International News Service are informed that National Peace Federation, in response to urgent requests, is organizing nation-wide demonstration November 8th, urging Wilson to form Neutral Conference. Meetings to be held throughout the country. Hamilton Holt is president of Federation and Jane Addams vicepresident.-L. P. LOCHNER, Secretary.

Though these messages throw further light on the European Sources of the Lochner-Schwimmer workings in this country, if we are to follow closely the actual details of those plans, we must read Lochner's letter of November 4, 1915, to Frank P. Williams of the Buffalo Peace Society, who thought he could secure the co-operation of his local Congressman. In his letter to Williams, Lochner brings out a number of points:

1

"We want to see the White House simply bombarded with messages. . . Dr. Jordan will see the President four days later, and after consultation with Jordan last nightthis confidential-I find that he thinks that will have a decided influence in making the President listen to his proposal.

November 1, 1915.

2 Mead to Lochner, 1915.

Lochner to Rabbi Hirsch, Nov. 2, 1915.

'Telegram from Nasmyth to Lochner, Nov. 1, 1915.

"I am sending you a bundle of manifolds and resolutions. "As for the names of governors, senators, etc., I enclose a list herewith.

"When you speak to Congressman

it may be well to emphasize to him that what we are after is not primarily that the United States call the conference, but rather that it co-operate with the European neutrals, who, we understand, at least Sweden and Holland, are ready to act if they have assurances from us that we will act with them."

As for the aftermath of the campaign, we must rely principally upon the letters of the "departmental secretary," who, when Lochner accompanied by Dr. Jordan on his visit to President Wilson, attended to the correspondence of the National Peace Federation. This Secretary, then, writing "in behalf of Mr. Lochner and Miss Addams," took care to thank the co-operating friends of the Federation and to keep in touch with others, notably Mr. Kellogg of the "Survey" and Miss Julia Wales. author of the "Wisconsin Plan." To Miss Wales was sent, on November 12, 1915, the following suggestive letter, referring to the Jordan-Lochner conference with the President:

"I have just received the following telegram from Mr. Lochner:

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'Appointment decidedly worth while. Smith (Wilson) more mellow than David ever saw him and more inclined to listen. Had forty minutes with him and feel sure that he would not approve affirmative action. from another country. I tried hard to make him absolutely commit himself but he refused to do that.""

After this there is only to record in this connection a letter against preparedness from Jane Addams to Walter Fisher-"at Mr. Lochner's request"-and to refer again to the letter of November 3d from Chrystal McMillan, in Washington, to Mme. Schwimmer, in which she hoped that Mme. Schwimmer would have "good success with Ford in Detroit."

This brings us to the "Ford Peace Party," which, after much advertising and gathering of forces once more under the generalship of Mme. Schwimmer and Lochner-set sail on December 4, 1915, with a strange collection of pacifists, radicals and newspaper men on board, "to get the boys out of the trenches before Christmas."

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The Ford Peace Party

In the present records, the only reference to the organization of the Ford Peace Party is Miss McMillan's wish of November 3, 1915, that Mme. Schwimmer would have good success with Ford. Nevertheless, we know from newspaper files of the period (New York Times" Dec. 5, 1915) that Mme. Schwimmer organizel the party, that Lochner acted as general secretary, and that the strange admixture of pacifists, radicals, philanthropists, press representatives, adventurers and professional organizers, sailed for Stockholm on the Oscar II-the Peace Ship- December 4, 1915.

Besides Mr. Ford, who paid all expenses of the expedition, 1 there were on board, or connected with the undertaking in some way, persons of a certain importance not mentioned on the passenger lists. Among these were Rebecca Shelly, Lella Faye Secor and several officials of the Ford Motor Company.

Among the passengers actually listed (New York "Times,' Dec. 5, 1915) we find the names of some thirty odd men and women afterward active in furthering "peace," pro-German or internationalist movements, many of whom are active revolutionaries today. Some of these propagandists merely gave prestige to the movement by lending their names; while others actually organized affiliated societies, which worked in turn against preparedness, our joining the Allies, conscription and the Espionage Act.

List of Persons of the Ford Peace Party Afterwards Active in Radical Movements

The Rev. Charles F. Aked, San Francisco.-" People tell me that Aked was so pro-German, even before he went on the expedition, that people used to get up and leave his church during his sermons." (Mrs. Ada Morse Clark to Lochner, August, 1917.)

William C. Bullitt, Philadelphia.- Famous for his attacks on the Peace Treaty, President Wilson, Lloyd George, and so forth. Well known radical.

Edwin Ralph Cheney. Co-operated with the Emergency Peace Federation, 1917.

'From R. S. Neely of Ford Motor Co. to Lochner, May 22, 1917; Lochner to Neely, May 25, 1917: "The Case of Miss Balch," Jan. 26, 1917; and Lochner to Miss Kellog, May 12, 1917.

Mrs. Ada Morse Clark, Palo Alto, Cal.- Offered to organize for People's Council, etc., 1917.

Miss Grace de Graff, Portland, Ore.- Organizer for Emer gency Peace Federation, 1917.

Mrs. Joseph Fels, Philadelphia. Active in single tax

movement.

B. W. Huebsch, New York.- Wrote Miss Shelly, July, 1916: "My Ford lecture devoted mainly to the idea of a Neutral Conference Committee came off successfully." Huebsch is now a publisher of radical books, and editor of "The Freeman."

Ellis O. Jones, Forest Hills, N. Y.- Co-operated in 1917 by sending a list of names to the Emergency Peace Federation; started a little "revolution " in December, 1918, in Central Park. Christian Sorensen, Nebraska.- Organizer for Emergency Peace Federation, May, 1917.

Mrs. G. B. Latus, Pittsburgh.- Co-operated in 1917 with Emergency Peace Federation.

Mrs. J. Recce Lewis, Lansdowne, Pa.-A delegate to First Conference of Democracy and Terms of Peace, May 30, 1917. Lola Maverick Lloyd (since divorced from Wm. Bross Lloyd of Chicago). Co-operated and organized for Emergency Peace Federation, 1915; again in 1917. Also active in Conference and People's Council.

Lewis Maverick, San Antonio, Tex., brother of Lola Maverick Lloyd. Co-operated with Emergency Peace Federation, 1917, and also First Conference for Democracy and Terms of Peace.

Alice Park, Palo Alto, Cal. Of the National Women's Suffrage Party. Organized for Emergency Peace Federation, 1917. I. W. W. sympathizer.1

Senator Helen Ring Robinson, Denver, Col.- Speaker for and sympathizer with Emergency Peace Federation, 1917.

Mrs. May Wright Sewall.- Co-operated with Emergency Peace Federation, 1917.

Mrs. William I. Thomas, Chicago.- Co-operated with People's Council, 1917.

Carl D. Thompson.- Official of National Socialist Party; and co-operated with Emergency Peace Federation, 1917.

Miss Julia Grace Wales, Wisconsin.- Co-operated with Emergency Peace Federation, 1917, and Author of "Wisconsin Plan."

1Alice Park to Roger Baldwin (Legal Defense, Vol. 1, p. 395); Alice Park to Roger Baldwin (Legal Defense, Vol. 1, p. 425): "Of all the pacifist workers in the U. S. since April, 1917, you have the most useful and most successful job."