J. JOINTER, § 11, 37. See Plate XXIII. Fig. 6. JOINTING RULE, § 10, 37. See Plate XXIII. Fig. 5 KILNS, § 33 K L. LARGE SQUARE, § 8. LATH, small slips of wood nailed to rafters for hanging the tiles or slates upon. LATHING HAMMER, § 3. LAYING TROWEL, § 3. LEVEL, § 7. LIME, § 32. LIME WATER, § 32. LINE PINS, § 15, 37. See Plate XXIII. Fig. 9. PLACE BRICKS, § 33. PozzoLONA, § 32. R. RAKER, § 13, 37. See Plate XXIII. Fig. 8. ROD, § 9. RUBBING STONE, § 21, 37. See Plate XXIII. Fig. 13. S. SAIL-OVER, is the overhanging of one or more courses beyond the naked of the wall. SAW, § 27. SCRIBE, § 26. SCURBAGE, § 3. SIMPLE VAULT, § 36. SKEW BACK, the sloping abutment for the arched head of a window. SOMMERING, the continuation of the joints of arches towards a centre or meeting point. SPHERIC GROIN, § 36. SPHERIC VAULT, § 36. SPHERIC-CYLINDRIC ARCH, § 36. SPHERO-CYLINDRIC GROIN, § 36. SPRINGING LINES, § 36. SQUARE, § 23, 37. See Plate XXIII. Fig. 3. Straight Arches, heads of apertures, which have a straight in trados in several pieces, with radiating joints or bricks tapering downwards. STRAIGHT VAULTS, § 36. STRETCHERS, § 35. STRETCHING COURSES, § 35. T TEMPLET, § 29. TIN SAW, § 27. TOOTHING, bricks projecting at the end of a part of a wall, in order to bond a part of the said wall not yet carried up. TRIMMER, See Brick Trimmer. V. VAULTING, § 36. WALLS, § 35. WATER CEMENTS, § 32. WATER TABLE, bricks projecting below the naked of a wall, in order to rest the upper part firmly. §1. MASONRY is the art of preparing and combining stones by such a disposition as to tooth or indent them into each other, and form regular surfaces for shelter, convenience, and defence, as the habitation of men, animals, goods, fortifications, bridges, separation of property, &c. and may be said to consist either of walling or arching. §2. MASONS' TOOLS The tools employed by the mason, are different in different counties, according to the quality of the stone employed: in some counties of England the stone is soft, with so little grit as to be wrought by planes into mouldings, as in joinery work; the naked surfaces of a building are generally finished with an instrument called a drag: the Bath and Oxfordshire stone is of this description. In other parts, the stone is so hard as only to be wrought by a mallet and chisel. In London, the value of stone occasions it to be cut into slips and scantlings by a saw; the operation is done by a labourer. In those countries were stone abounds, it is divided into smaller scantlings, by means of wedges. In most descriptions of stone, whether hard or soft, a hammer is employed in knocking and axing off the prominent parts. Hard stone and marble are reduced to a surface by means of a mallet and chisel. In rough stone from the quarry, where the saw has not been employed, a narrow chisel, called a point, about a quarter of an inch at the entering part, is first used; but the inequalities of sawn stone, if not very prominent, are reduced by means of an inch chisel, and sometimes more or less, according to the quantity to be wrought off. Chisels are from a quarter of an inch to three inches in breadth, at the cutting part: those of the greatest breadth are called tools, and employed finally on the surface, which is more regular after having gone over it, than that left after the operation of a narrow chisel. When the surface is wrought into narrow furrows or channels at regular distances, like small flutings which completes the finish of the face, the operation is called tooling, and the surface itself is said to be tooled. When the surface is required to be smoothed, it is done by rubbing it with a flat stone of the same kind with sand and water, and the larger the stone the more regular will the surface be. The form of masons' chisels is like that of a wedge, the cutting edge is the vertical angle; they are wholly constructed of iron, except the steel end, which enters the stone. The end which is struck by the mallet, is a flat portion of a spheric surface, and projects on all sides beyond the handling part, which tapers upwards with an equal concavity on each side. The other tools used by the mason are a level, a plumb rule, a square, a bevel, a trowel, a mallet, a hammer, and sometimes a pair of compasses. These have been sufficiently treated under the former departments of Carpentry and Bricklaying, to which the reader is referred. The saw, as has been observed, though an appendage of Masonry, is used by the labourer. §3. Of Marbles and Stones. Marble is polished by being first rubbed with grit stone, after. wards with pumice stone, and lastly with emery or calcined tin. Marbles with regard to their contexture and variegation of colour, are almost infinite; some are black, some white, and some of a dove colour; the best kind of white marble is called statuary, which when cut into thin slices, becomes almost transparent, which property the other kinds do not possess. Other species of |