The immediate valley of the Mohawk is broad and open, at many places a mile or two in width, and the flats which border the stream have a rich alluvial soil, finely adapted to the raising of grass, grains, and broom corn. Back from the flats there is a rise, in most places gradual but locally abrupt, to hills which attain altitudes several hundred feet above the stream. The more elevated lands are covered with sandy and gravelly loam. Toward the mouth of the river the valley becomes more contracted and the meadows disappear. Above Rome the Mohawk flows through a deep gorge in shale rock. From Rome eastward to Little Falls the valley is deeply filled with alluvial deposits, and the flood plains on either side become submerged during freshets, thus acting to some extent as storage reservoirs. At Little Falls the river cuts through a rocky gorge, whose walls rise precipitously 500 or 600 feet.

Below Rome the river has a small and rather uniform fall and is characterized by long, quiet reaches with slight riffles, but at Little Falls this uniformity is broken and the stream descends in a succession of falls about 45 feet in half a mile. The average fall between Rome and the lower aqueduct at Crescent, a distance of 110.7 miles, is 2.43 feet per mile; thence to the level of slack water above Troy dam there is a farther descent of 149.5 feet in 4.4 miles, but of this 105 feet is included within the improved power at Cohoes.

The Erie canal parallels Mohawk river and derives a part of its water supply from it. The new barge canal, at present under construction by the State of New York, will utilize by canalization the greater portion of the river between Albany and Utica. The water supply for the new canal in the section between Syracuse and Utica will to a large extent come from the Mohawk. A high dam has been constructed across the Mohawk at Delta, 6 miles north of Rome, for the purpose of creating a reservoir to store water for the canal. The capacity is 2,750,000,000 cubic feet. It is expected that this will be sufficient to supply the summit level of the canal with 435 cubic feet per second during the season of low rain-fall. This supply will be supplemented by a reservoir of 3,400,000,000 cubic feet capacity, on West Canada creek at Hinckley, discharging by a conduit into Ninemile creek and thence to the Rome summit level.

Important tributaries of the Mohawk are West and East Canada and Schoharie creeks.

West Canada creek rises in West Canada lake, in southwest-central Hamilton county and flows in a southerly direction into the Mohawk at Herkimer. Its drainage area, comprising approximately 583 square miles, contains about 50 small lakes and ponds and a small amount of artificial storage, which, with the numerous swamps and marshes in the region of the headwaters, serve to make the regimen of flow fairly uniform. A considerable part of the basin is timber covered. The underlying rock is granitic gneiss in the upper portion of the basin, with limestone in some places. Heavy accumulations of snow occur during the winter. At Trenton Falls is an important plant of the Utica Gas & Electric Co. There is much undeveloped power on this stream.

East Canada creek rises in Hamilton county and flows southward between Herkimer and Fulton counties, joining the Mohawk at East Creek. In a general way its drainage basin is similar to that of West Canada creek, although its flow is less sustained and regular.

Schoharie creek has its source in the Catskills, about 2 miles east of Tannersville, at an elevation of 1.940 feet. The drainage basin is generally irregu

lar. In places its slopes are almost precipitous, and it is extensively forest covered. The overlying rocks are slaty and allow but a slight depth of percolation. The soil is generally of clay. The total drainage area is 909 square miles.

Kinderhook Creek.

Kinderhook creek is an interstate stream, with a drainage area of 337 square miles, having its source in the Hancock mountains in western Massachusetts, at an elevation of nearly 1,500 feet above tide, flowing southwestward through Columbia and Rensselaer counties, N. Y., and joining Claverack creek, about two miles from Hudson river, to form Stockport creek, through which it discharges into the Hudson, four miles north of the village of Hudson. Kinderhook creek is an important stream for power, with considerable amounts unutilized, and affords also some opportunities for storage.

STATION RECORDS

HUDSON RIVER AT NORTH CREEK, N. Y.

Location. At the highway bridge in the village of North Creek, immediately above the mouth of North creek.

Records available.- September 21, 1907, to September 30, 1914.

Drainage area.-804 square miles.

Gage.- Chain, read twice daily; datum, unchanged.

Control.- Heavy gravel; considered fairly permanent.

Discharge measurements. Made from the two-span steel highway bridge. Regulation. The numerous lakes and ponds in the basin of the upper Hudson have a decided effect on the low-water flow; especially is this true of Indian lake. The use of these storage reservoirs in the spring in connection with log driving makes the daily records somewhat uncertain.

Winter flow.- Discharge relation affected by ice. This effect varies gradually after the ice cover is formed and can be determined by frequent discharge measurements.

Accuracy. Discharge rating curve well defined. charge for open-water periods considered good.

Determinations of dis

Discharge measurements of Hudson River at North Creek, N. Y., during the year ending Septembe

Daily gage height, in feet, of Hudson River at North Creek, N. Y., for the year ending
September 30, 1914

NOTE. Discharge relation affected by ice December 29 to March 31, inclusive.

Daily discharge, in second feet, of Hudson River at North Creek, N. Y., for the year ending September 30, 1914

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Hudson River at North Creek, N. Y., for the year ending September 30, 1914- -continued

NOTE.

Daily discharge, estimated during the frozen period December 29 to March 31, is fairly good. Daily discharge for open water periods determined from a well-defined rating curve.

Monthly discharge of Hudson River at North Creek, N. Y., for the year ending September 30, 1914 [Drainage area, 804 square miles]

NOTE. No correction made for regulation at Indian lake. (See Indian lake records.)

HUDSON RIVER AT THURMAN, N. Y.

Location. At the Delaware & Hudson Railroad bridge leading from Thurman to Warrensburg, about 950 feet below the highway bridge to Warrensburg, about 2,000 feet below the mouth of Schroon river, and about 13 miles above the mouth of Sacandaga river, which enters from the right.

Records available.- September 1, 1907, to September 30, 1914.

Drainage area.— - 1,550 square miles.

Gage.- Chain; read twice daily; datum unchanged.

Control.- Sand and gravel; liable to shift.

Discharge measurements. Made from the bridge.

Regulation. The influence of storage at Indian lake and of mills on Schroon river is apparent at this station.

Winter flow.- Discharge relation affected by ice. Winter flow estimated from the determinations of combined flow at Riverbank and North Creek plus an estimated inflow between the two stations.

Accuracy.— Accuracy of the records somewhat impaired by reason of accumulations of logs at the control point below the section, and also around the piers of the bridge, which affect the discharge rating. Rating curve fairly well defined for normal conditions and determinations of flow during the open water season are considered fairly accurate.

Co-operation.-Gage heights from December to March, inclusive, furnished by Albany office of United States Weather Bureau. Gage heights from May to September, inclusive, furnished by the International Paper Co.

Discharge measurements of Hudson River at Thurman, N. Y., during the year ending September

Daily gage height, in feet, of Hudson River at Thurman, N. Y., for the year ending September

30, 1914

NOTE.- Mean daily gage heights for April are based on three or four observations per day Gage heights for the remainder of the year are means of two observations per day.