the Pope and requested him to define the rights of Spain so as to avoid conflict with her great maritime rival, Portugal. The In the famous bull of May 4, 1493, Pope Alexander VI established an imaginary line of demarcation from north to south one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. This line recognized the existing rights of Portugal along the African coast, but shut her out from interfering with Spain's discoveries in the western ocean. following year Spain and Portugal agreed by treaty that the line should be drawn three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, and thus it came to pass that Brazil, then undiscovered, ultimately fell to the share of Portugal. Later Columbus was to make three more voyages to the new world, but he had already reached the zenith of his fortunes and each new voyage left his prestige and power voyages of at a lower ebb. On the second (1493-1496) most of his energies were directed to the colonization of Hayti and the search for gold, though he discovered Porto Rico and Jamaica and explored the southern coast of Cuba. Columbus On his third voyage out (1498) he discovered Trinidad and the coast of South America. When he arrived at Hayti he found the colonists suffering from poverty, disease, and factional fights amounting to open insurrection. His efforts to restore order resulted in charges against him on the part of the insurgents, which led Ferdinand and Isabella to supplant him in the governorship. The new governor Bobadilla on his arrival put Columbus and his brothers in irons and sent them back to Spain (October, 1500). This act was unauthorized and when Columbus reached Spain the king and queen at once ordered his release. Although not restored to the governorship, he was permitted to organize another expedition for the purpose of exploration. Last days of Columbus and the naming of America Meanwhile others had followed in his track and the coast of South America had been explored by Hojeda, Pinzon and Bastidas from Cape St. Augustine to Panama, a distance of three thousand miles. Vasco da Gama had furthermore sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (1498) to India and put Spain's rival, Portugal, in direct communication with the wealth of the East. When Columbus set sail again in 1502 on his last voyage his main object was to find a passage through the mainland to the Indian Ocean. He explored the coast line from Honduras to the Isthmus and was finally wrecked on the coast of Jamaica. Rescued after a year's delay he returned to Spain and died in obscurity at Valladolid May 20, 1506. Time has on the whole been just to Columbus, for despite the calumnies of contemporaries and the criticism of later historians he holds his place high in the list of the world's great heroes. A singular injustice was done him in the name applied to the new world. Americus Vesputius, after whom it was called, was a Florentine adventurer, who made several voyages to the new world, the first probably being with Hojeda in 1499. The name America was first applied to the South American continent by a German geographer Martin Waldseemüller, who in 1507 published Vesputius's account of his voyages. The main land of America The honor of discovering the mainland of North America belongs to John Cabot, who, though a Genoese like Columbus, sailed under the English flag. He left Bristol in May, 1497, in a small vessel with eighteen men, and returned in August, reporting the discovery North of the mainland, but this may have been only discovered Newfoundland. The second Cabot voyage of by John 1498 has given rise to much dispute, as the accounts derived from John's son Sebastian have been thoroughly discredited, but there seems little doubt that on Cabot this second voyage Cabot followed the coast of North America as far south as the Carolinas. Although so little is definitely known of him, Cabot was without doubt one of the boldest of navigators, and on his voyages rested England's claims of prior right to North America. The Cabots were soon followed by the CorteReal brothers, who under the Portuguese flag in the years 1500 and 1501 explored the coasts of Newfoundland and the adjacent mainland. Further explorations of the coast of North America The Spaniards were slow in finding the mainland of North America. In 1512 Ponce de Leon, who had conquered and served as first governor of Porto Rico, discovered the east coast of Florida, rounded the peninsula, and explored the west coast as far as Apalache Bay, searching for a fountain of perpetual youth, of which the Indians had told him. In 1519 Alonzo de Pineda followed the southern coast of the United States all the way from Florida to Vera Cruz. During this voyage he discovered the mouth of a great river called by him Rio del Espiritu Santo, which has usually been identified with the Mississippi, but which was more probably Mobile Bay. the Pacific In the meantime two discoveries of world-wide importance had been made under the Spanish flag. In 1513 Balboa crossed the Isthmus and discovered the Pacific, Discovery of and in 1519 Magellan, a Portuguese sailor in the service of Spain, started on his great voyage around South America and across the Pacific. He was killed in the Philippine Islands in a fight with the natives, but his followers continued the voyage to the Spice Islands and returned to Spain by way of the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, having completed the first circumnavigation of the globe. Magellan's achievement is regarded by some as equal to that of Columbus both in the dangers attending it and in the results, for it proved that the earth was round and that America was a separate continent. Beyond a few fishing voyages to Newfoundland the French took no part in the exploration of the new world until after the voyage of Magellan. In 1524 Early the Florentine navigator Verrazano, in the service French of France, undertook to find a passage through the explorers continent in order that he might sail across the North Pacific to China. The accounts of his voyage seem to show that he entered the Hudson River and Narragansett Bay and returned by way of Newfoundland. Ten years later Jacques Cartier, a sailor of St. Malo in Brittany, started out with two ships to find a passage to the Pacific and entered the mouth of the St. Lawrence. On a second voyage in 1535 he pushed up the river to the rapids near Montreal, which he named in jest Lachine (China) Rapids in memory of the attempt to reach China by that route. Conquest of 1519-1522 During the quarter of a century following the discovery of America Spaniards explored the islands of the West Indies and thousands of miles of mainland coast without finding any people who had advanced beyond the state of nature. The Aztec kingdom in Mexico, with all its wealth and material progress, its strange intermingling of refinement and barbarism, remained to be revealed by Hernando Cortés, the most daring, inflexible, and resourceful Spaniard of his age. With a force of less than five hundred men he landed in Mexico in 1519, entered the city six months later, and in spite of reverses that would have overwhelmed any man less resolute, completed the conquest in three years. Explorations of the in terior of the continent The marvelous success of Cortés turned the tide of exploration to the interior of the continent. In 1528 Narvaez landed with three hundred men near Tampa Bay and proceeded by land as far as Tallahassee, where, owing to the hardships of the journey and the hostility of the Indians, he turned to the coast and constructed five boats in which the party proceeded with difficulty to an island off the coast of Texas. Narvaez was blown out to sea in one of the boats and was never heard from, and only fifteen of the party survived the hunger and cold of the winter. Cabeça de Vaca, the treasurer and historian of the expedition, after wandering among the Indian tribes for years, reached the Gulf of California with three companions, and finally, in 1536, arrived at the city of Mexico. De Soto Gulf States and discovers the Mississippi 1541 Before De Vaca returned to Spain, Hernando de Soto was appointed governor of Cuba and commissioned to conquer and settle Florida, that term then embracing the explores the whole southern part of the United States. De Soto left Havana in 1539 with nine vessels, six hundred and twenty men, and two hundred and River, 1539- twenty horses. Landing at Tampa Bay, he wandered for two years through Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Finally, on May 8, 1541, he discovered the Mississippi River, which he crossed below Memphis. After wandering for months through Arkansas, De Soto finally turned back to the Mississippi with the intention of following its course to the Gulf, but here illness and death overtook him. His followers, reduced in numbers by one half, finally reached Mexico. Coronado Southwest, 1540-1542 While De Soto was exploring the southeastern part of the United States Coronado was engaged in a similar enterprise in the southwest. De Vaca's reports of explores the riches in the interior and the legend of the Seven Cities led the viceroy of Mexico to send out a Franciscan monk, Friar Marcos, on an exploring expedition. Attended by a negro who had been with De Vaca, and a party of Christianized Indians, Friar Marcos went from the Gulf of California into western New Mexico. He saw from a distance one of the Zuñi pueblos, which ap |