opposite Vicksburg so that transports and supply ships could pass without coming within range of the guns, and the troops be landed on the east bank of the river below the city; but the Confederates stationed batteries so as to command the southern outlet of the canal and the project was abandoned.

Grant finally decided to carry out a plan which, though hazardous in the extreme, he had been considering for some time. It was for Porter's

fleet to run past the batteries with the supplies, while Grant was to lead his troops by land to New Carthage and then take them across the river to Grand Gulf, about thirty miles south of Vicksburg. Having successfully executed this movement by the end of April, with some damage to the fleet, Grant decided to abandon his base at Grand Gulf, to get in the rear of Vicksburg and cut it off from Jackson, and to

establish a new base north of the city at Yazoo. On the first of May he defeated a part of Pemberton's army at Port Gibson and advanced rapidly toward Jackson.

On May 13 Joseph E. Johnston, who had been appointed commander of all the Confederate forces in the West, arrived at Jackson on his way to form a junction with Pemberton, but he came too late, and on the following day after slight resistance abandoned the state capital to Grant. The latter then turned on Pemberton and two days later defeated him in a fierce fight at Champion's Hill. Pemberton was driven

back into Vicksburg and Grant's troops advanced north and occupied Chickasaw Bluffs.

On the 19th and again on the 22d Sherman's troops tried to carry the Confederate trenches by assault, but they were repulsed with heavy loss and Grant decided to Siege and fall of settle down to regular siege operations. PemVicksburg berton, who was thus shut up in Vicksburg with over 30,000 men, had been ordered by Johnston on the 17th to abandon the place, but he interpreted the orders as discretionary and decided to stand his ground. Johnston did not care to assume the responsibility of withdrawing troops from Bragg, who was holding Rosecrans in check at Chattanooga, so Pemberton was left to his fate. After having been subjected to an almost continuous bombardment from cannon and mortars, and after the garrison and population had been reduced to the point of starvation, Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg July 4, 1863, the day after the defeat of Lee at Gettysburg. In the movement against Vicksburg Grant displayed greater strategic ability than in any other campaign in his career.

Operations around

Chattanooga

In September Grant and Sherman marched eastward to the relief of Rosecrans, who was besieged by Bragg in Chattanooga. After the battle of Murfreesboro Rosecrans had remained inactive in middle Tennessee for several months. Late in June, 1863, he at last began a forward movement, and within ten days, by means of his greatly superior force, he maneuvered Bragg out of strong positions and forced him to retire across the Tennessee River. Next to Richmond, Chattanooga was now the most important position in the Confederacy. It was protected on the north by the Tennessee River, and on the south by high ridges of the Appalachian Mountains, guarding the passes into Georgia. Encouraged by his brilliant success, Rosecrans determined not only to capture Chattanooga, but to destroy Bragg's army. Burnside had

been ordered to advance with the Army of the Ohio from Lexington, Kentucky, against Knoxville, Tennessee, and it was not deemed advisable for Rosecrans to advance against Chattanooga until Burnside's movement was well under way. It was the middle of August before these concerted movements began.

Battle of

Early in September Rosecrans succeeded by clever strategy in getting his army across the Tennessee River, whereupon Bragg, to avoid being shut up in Chattanooga, withdrew his army to Lafayette, Chickaa point about twenty-five miles south of the city. mauga Thinking that the Confederates were in full retreat, Rosecrans hurried his troops forward in pursuit through widely separated mountain gaps, when Bragg suddenly turned on him at Chickamauga Creek. The concentration of the Federal army was effected only with great difficulty and at great hazard, and had Bragg pushed his attack more vigorously his victory would have been overwhelming. He was waiting, however, for the arrival of Longstreet's corps from the Army of Northern Virginia, which had to make the long railroad journey through the Carolinas and Georgia. The arrival of these reënforcements made the numerical strength of the two armies about equal.

With the arrival of a part of Longstreet's corps on September 19 Bragg began the attack. The Confederates fought with great spirit next day, and would have completely routed the Federal army but for the splendid conduct of General George H. Thomas. As it was, Rosecrans's right wing was swept from the field, and he himself carried along with the fleeing rabble all the way to Chattanooga, where he sent a telegram to Washington, saying that his army was "overwhelmed" by the enemy. Thomas, however, with 25,000 men held his position on Horse-Shoe Ridge against repeated assaults until after dark, when he retreated to Chattanooga.

Battle of

After the fight Bragg laid siege to Chattanooga, hoping to starve Rosecrans out, and the latter was soon reduced to extremities. Chickamauga was a terrible shock Chattanooga to the cabinet at Washington, and at a midnight session it was decided to detach the Eleventh and Twelfth corps under Hooker from Meade's army in Virginia and send them west by the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. The forces of Sherman and Grant were already on the way. On October 16, 1863, Grant was placed in command of the department of the Mississippi, which comprised the Armies of the Cumberland and of the Tennessee. Sherman succeeded him in command of the Army of the Tennessee, while Rosecrans was removed and Thomas placed in command of the Army of the Cumberland.

Grant reached Chattanooga October 23. By the middle of November he was ready to begin operations against Bragg. On the 24th Hooker seized the top of Lookout Mountain in the "Battle above the Clouds." On the 25th Thomas's troops stormed and carried Missionary Ridge, and Bragg retreated south into Georgia. The Federal army numbered about 60,000 and its losses were 6000. While Bragg had 33,000 troops, his actual losses in killed and wounded were less than the Federal, but he lost forty guns and 6000 prisoners. This was the only battle in the war in which all four of the greatest Federal generals were engaged, Grant, Sherman, Thomas, and Sheridan. Sherman was immediately sent to Knoxville, where Burnside was besieged by Longstreet. As he approached, the latter was forced to retire. Chattanooga and Knoxville were securely held by the Federals until the end of the war.

TOPICAL REFERENCES

1. The Antietam Campaign: Wood and Edmonds, Civil War in the United States, Chap. XI; Allan, Army of Northern Virginia, pp. 322-444; Ropes, Story of the Civil War, Vol. II, pp. 323–379;

Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, Chap. XII; Henderson, Stonewall Jackson, Vol. II, Chaps. XVIII, XIX; Rhodes, History of United States, Vol. IV, pp. 139-155; Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, Chap. XIII. 2. The First Emancipation Proclamation: Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VI, pp. 96-98; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. VI, Chap. VIII; Gideon Welles, Diary, Vol. I, Chap. III; Jefferson Davis, Rise and Fall of Confederate Government, Vol. II, Chaps. XXV, XXVI; Rhodes, Vol. IV, pp. 157-172; Hosmer, Chap. XIV.

3. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville: Wood and Edmonds, Chaps. XII, XV; Allan, pp. 459-519; Ropes, Vol. II, Chap. VI; Long, Chaps. XIII, XIV; Henderson, Stonewall Jackson, Vol. II, Chaps. XX-XXV; Rhodes, Vol. IV, pp. 192–202, 256–266; Hosmer, Chaps. XVI, XVII.

4. The Gettysburg Campaign: Wood and Edmonds, Chap. XVI; Long, Chap. XV; Rhodes, Vol. IV, pp. 268-297; Hosmer, Chap. XIX; C. Battine, Crisis of the Confederacy, Chaps. V-IX.

V;

5. Review of Operations in the West, 1862-1863: Wood and Edmonds, Chap. XIV; Ropes, Vol. II, Chaps. IV, Hosmer, Chap. XV.

6. The Fall of Vicksburg: Wood and Edmonds, Chap. XVII; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, Vol. I, Chaps. XXX-XXXVIII; Rhodes, Vol. IV, pp. 299–319; Hosmer, Chap. XVIII.

7. The Fight for Chattanooga: Wood and Edmonds, Chap. XVIII; Grant, Personal Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 31-88; Rhodes, Vol. IV, pp. 395–407; Hosmer, Outcome of Civil War, Chaps. II, III.