placed the entire administration of affairs. They were to be guided by the laws of Moses. Trial by jury was not recognized because not found in the Mosaic code. The Mosaic Other towns were soon established in the neigh- code enborhood Guilford, Milford, and Stamford, all forced modeled more or less after New Haven. In 1643 dread of attack from the Indians and the Dutch caused these towns to unite with New Haven. Later Southold on Long Island, Bradford, and Greenwich joined the confederacy. Thus constituted, the colony of New Haven continued its separate existence until 1662. In 1622 Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason received from the Council for New England a grant of the country between the Merrimac and the Kennebec New Hamprivers. Both were Episcopalians and friends of the king, and their interests in the new enter shire and Maine granted to Mason and prise were mainly commercial. In 1623 they Gorges, established settlements or trading posts at the 1622 mouth of the Piscataqua (later Portsmouth) and at Cocheco (later Dover) within the present limits of New Hampshire, and within a short time fishing stations were established at Saco Bay, Casco Bay, and other points in Maine. In 1629 Mason obtained from the Council for New England a separate grant of the territory between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua and named it New Hampshire, and ten years later Gorges obtained a royal charter confirming his claims to the territory between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec (Maine). Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over the whole region of these grants under the interpretation which she put upon her charter, namely, that her northern boundary The Massawas a line drawn due east and west from a point chusetts three miles north of the most northerly point of the Merrimac, and she encouraged her citizens to settle in the disputed territory. After the death of Mason in 1635 his claim heirs declined to give further pecuniary aid to the New Hampshire settlements and they were left to shift for themselves. Settlers from Massachusetts soon came in and in 1638 two new towns were founded, Exeter by followers of Anne Hutchinson, and Hampton by men from Massachusetts and England. A period of petty controversy and strife ensued which Massachusetts used to her advantage, for in 1641 the New Hampshire settlements were, with the consent of the majority of the inhabitants, annexed to her. In 1643 Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter, and Hampton were organized with Salsbury and Haverhill as the county of Norfolk. The Mason heirs later revived their claims, and as a result of the disputes that ensued New Hampshire was erected into a royal province in 1679. Massachu setts se cures Maine Massachusetts was equally persistent and more successful in asserting her claim to Maine. Other grants conflicting with that of Gorges had been made, and after his death in 1647 everything was in a state of confusion. Massachusetts again stepped in and under Cromwell's rule extended her sway over all the towns of Maine. After the Restoration Charles II took Maine away from Massachusetts and recognized the Gorges claim, but later the younger Ferdinando Gorges sold out his interests to Massachusetts, which again took possession, although the king refused to sanction the transfer. Massachusetts, however, ignored his objections and held on to Maine. Her title was finally confirmed in the charter granted by William and Mary in 1691. In May, 1643, at the suggestion of the Massachusetts General Court, commissioners from Massachusetts, Con The New necticut, Plymouth, and New Haven met at Boston and formed the New England Confederation. Its purpose was protection against Indian attacks or the encroachments of the Dutch during the Civil War then raging in England. tion, 16431684 The business of the Confederation was to be carried on by eight commissioners, two from each colony, and the vote of six of the eight was to prevail. In 1653 Massachusetts refused to comply with the vote of the commissioners to raise soldiers for the Dutch war. That colony also refused to permit Connecticut to tax the Massachusetts people at Springfield for the defense of the mouth of the river, although the six commissioners of the other colonies decided that they should be taxed. The domination of Massachusetts caused the decline of the Confederation, and on the absorption of New Haven by Connecticut in 1662 it ceased to be of much importance, though meetings were held occasionally until 1684. The Confederation, however, had served a good purpose in restraining both the Indians and the Dutch. The articles contained a provision for the rendition of fugitive servants, very similar to the later fugitive slave laws. The period In 1651 Parliament passed a navigation act the object of which was to exclude foreign vessels from trade with the colonies and to limit English commerce as far as possible to English and colonial ships. This of Puritan regulation bore heavily upon the Dutch in whose supremacy, 1645-1660 hands was a large part of the carrying trade, and led to war between England and Holland (1652-1654). The Dutch were defeated and made peace just in time to save New Netherland from conquest. Virginia submits to parliamentary commissioners, 1651 During the Civil War the New England colonies refrained from openly espousing the cause of Parliament and paid little attention to its authority, though many colonists returned to England and bore arms against the king. The Virginians paid no attention to the orders of Parliament and when Charles I was executed the assembly passed an act recognizing his son Charles II as king. Charles II was also proclaimed in Maryland though without Lord Baltimore's |