Слике страница
PDF
ePub

knowledge. In 1650 Parliament passed an ordinance declaring that Virginia and the Bermudas "are and ought to be subordinate to and dependent on England," and prohibiting foreign vessels from trading with them.

Finally in 1651 the English authorities appointed commissioners and dispatched an armed force to reduce the colonies in Chesapeake Bay. Governor Berkeley made active preparations for resistance but when the expedition arrived he quietly surrendered his authority and retired to his plantation where he remained until 1660, when he again resumed the governorship. The Assembly meanwhile organized a provisional government by electing Richard Bennett governor and restored Claiborne to his old post of secretary from which he had been removed by Berkeley.

Affairs in

The commissioners then proceeded to Maryland and deposed Governor Stone. The Puritans who had been expelled from Virginia by Governor Berkeley Maryland made poor return for the kindness they had received in Maryland. An assembly dominated by them and from which the Catholics were excluded repealed the toleration act of 1649. In 1655 Stone made an effort to regain control of affairs, but he and his Catholic supporters were defeated by the Puritans under William Fuller in a pitched battle on the Severn. Lord Baltimore, however, had acknowledged Cromwell's rule and two years later an agreement was reached and his authority again recognized.

Growth of population in the colonies,

During the period 1640-1660 the population of Virginia and Maryland increased at a far greater rate than at any other period in their history. In Virginia the increase was from 7600 to 33,000, and in Maryland from 1500 to 8000. The immigration to Virginia at this time was to a large extent cavalier in character; that is, made up of people of royalist sympathies. By 1660 Virginia had outstripped Massachusetts in population, -33,000 to 25,000, —

1640-1660

[graphic]

and Virginia continued to hold the first place in population until after the Revolution. The population of the colonies at this time was mainly English, with a few Scotch, Irish, and Huguenot settlers. In the Dutch province of New Netherland there were at this time (1660) about 6000 souls, about half of them English, the rest mainly Dutch and Swedes. A few negro slaves were to be found in all the colonies.

TOPICAL REFERENCES

1. English Seamen of the Elizabethan Age: Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. I, pp. 1-28; Channing, History of the United States, Vol. I, Chap. V; L. G. Tyler, England in America, Chap. I; J. A. Froude, English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century.

2. Raleigh's Attempt to Colonize America: Tyler, Chap. II; Fiske, Vol. I, pp. 28-40; Channing, Vol. I, pp. 124–130.

3. The Settlement of Virginia: Fiske, Vol. I, Chaps. II-VII; Tyler, Chaps. III-VI; Channing, Vol. I, Chaps. VI-VIII.

4. The Founding of Maryland: Fiske, Vol. I, Chaps. VIII, IX; Tyler, Chaps. VII, VIII; Channing, Vol. I, Chap. IX; W. H. Browne, George and Cecilius Calvert, Barons Baltimore.

5. The Puritan Migration to America: E. P. Cheyney, European Background of American History, Chaps. XII, XIII; Channing, Vol. I, Chaps. X-XII; Tyler, Chaps. IX-XIII; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, pp. 1-110; Edw. Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, pp. 98-219.

6. Rhode Island and Connecticut: Channing, Vol. I, Chaps. XIII, XIV; Tyler, Chaps. XIV, XV; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, pp. 122-152.

7. Puritan Supremacy in England and its Effect on the Colonies: Channing, Vol. I, Chap. XVIII; Fiske, Old Virginia, Vol. I, Chap. X; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, pp. 174-226.

CHAPTER III

A CENTURY OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION, 1660-1760

The colonial

THE restoration of Charles II in 1660 marks a new era in English colonization. The king and the brilliant group of advisers who surrounded him had been impolicy of the poverished by exile and turned to colonial enterRestoration prise as a means of building up British commerce and restoring their individual fortunes. The men most conspicuous in developing the new colonial system were the

EDWARD HYDE, Earl of Clarendon.

Earl of Clarendon, the Duke of Albemarle, Anthony Ashley Cooper (later Earl of Shaftesbury), Lord Arlington, Baron Berkeley, brother of the governor of Virginia, and Sir George Carteret. They passed new navigation acts, developed a better system of colonial administration, and tried to bring the colonies under closer control, conquered and annexed New Netherland, granted new charters to Rhode Island and

[graphic]

Connecticut, founded the proprietary colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and the Carolinas, and organized he Hudson Bay Company.

« ПретходнаНастави »