rendered it easy for the sons of wealthy planters to go to the English universities for their education. This had been quite common in the seventeenth century and continued to some extent after the founding of William and Mary College. Yale College in Connecticut was founded in 1701, like Harvard and William and Mary, under ecclesiastical influences. Its chief promoters were Harvard graduates who felt that the older college was drifting away from orthodox standards. Yale became a stronghold of Calvinism and two of its graduates, Jonathan Dickinson and Jonathan Edwards, became the first two presidents of the College of New Jersey, which was chartered in 1746. About ten years later King's College, now Columbia University, was founded under Anglican auspices, and the University of Pennsylvania, through the influence of Benjamin Franklin. The latter was of all colonial colleges the freest from ecclesiastical control. Libraries In the founding of these colleges donations of books are frequently mentioned, so that the importance of libraries was recognized. In 1698 the South Carolina Assembly made an appropriation for a library in Charleston which was the first public library in America. In 1731 Benjamin Franklin founded a public subscription library in Philadelphia. The most valuable and best selected private collection of books in America prior to the Revolution was the library of William Byrd of Westover, which contained four thousand volumes. The first colonial newspaper was the Boston News Letter founded in 1704. During the next twenty years newspapers were established in Rhode Island, New York, Newspapers Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. Most of these were weeklies. As the facilities for gathering American news were poor, these papers were unfortunately defective on that side. They devoted a large part of their space to English politics and court life and to essays on literary subjects. In 1735 Boston had five newspapers. TOPICAL REFERENCES 1. Colonial Policy of the Restoration: C. M. Andrews, Colonial Self-Government, Chaps. I, II; Channing, History of the United States, Vol. II, pp. 1-13. 2. The Dutch Settlements: Channing, Vol. I, Chaps. XVI, XVII; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, Vol. I, Chaps. IV-IX; Andrews, Chap. V. 3. William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania: Channing, Vol. II, Chaps. IV, XI; Fiske, Vol. II, Chap. XII; Andrews, Chaps. XI, XII. 4. The Beginnings of the Carolinas: Channing, Vol. II, pp. 13– 25, and Chap. XII; Andrews, Chaps. IX, X; Fiske, Old Virginia, Vol. II, Chap. XV; Edw. McCrady, History of South Carolina under the Proprietary Government. 5. Bacon's Rebellion: Channing, Vol. II, pp. 80-91; Andrews, Chap. XIV; Fiske, Old Virginia, Vol. II, Chap. XI. 6. End of Stuart Rule in America: Channing, Vol. II, Chap. VI; Andrews, Chaps. XV, XVI; Fiske, Beginnings of New England, Chap. VI. 7. Growth of Population: Channing, Vol. II, Chap. XIV; Fiske, Old Virginia, Vol. II, Chap. XVII; Greene, Provincial America, Chap. XIV; H. J. Ford, The Scotch-Irish in America. 8. The Plantation System, Servitude, and Slavery: Channing, Vol. II, Chap. XIII; Fiske, Old Virginia, Vol. II, pp. 181-203, 220-235, 327-333; P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. I, Chap. IX and Vol. II, Chaps. X, XI, XII, XXI. 9. Commerce and Piracy: Greene, Chap. XVII; Fiske, Old Virginia, Vol. II, Chap. XVI; Channing, Vol. II, pp. 507-521; W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, Chap. IX. 10. Religion and Education: Channing, Vol. II, Chaps. XV, XVI; Greene, Chaps. VI, XVIII; Bruce, Institutional History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. I, Parts I and II. CHAPTER IV THE RISE AND FALL OF NEW FRANCE, 1608-1763 The French in Nova WITHIN a few years of Cabot's voyage to North America English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish fishermen began to resort annually to the shores of Newfoundland, and built up an extensive fishing industry. In Scotia, 1605 1541 Roberval and Cartier undertook to form a settlement at Quebec, but the post was soon abandoned. The first permanent French colony was established by the Sieur de Monts at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1605. Acadia, as this region was called by the French, became the scene of early conflicts between the English and the French. Champlain and the founding of Quebec, 1608 He The real founder of New France was Samuel de Champlain, who in 1608 selected Quebec as the best place for a permanent stronghold and formed a settlement there. had been associated with De Monts at Port Royal, and was now made governor of New France, a position which he continued to hold when the new company of the Hundred Associates was organized. Champlain was a great explorer. He led in person parties up the Saguenay, the Ottawa, along the shores of Lake Huron and the region around Lake Champlain. In 1609 he committed a most unfortunate indiscretion in accompanying a body of Algonquins in an attack on the Iroquois. They met a body of two hundred and fifty warriors on the shores of Lake Champlain near the point where Fort Ticonderoga was afterwards built, and, with the aid of firearms, won an easy victory. Later on he invaded the Iroquois territory with a body of Hurons. These expeditions profoundly affected the whole future history of New France, |