arms, and walks in the rear. The children are washed on the day of their birth in the nearest brook or pool of water. Both the men and the women are cleanly in many of their habits, and particularly in those relating to their persons; but in some other matters their customs are extremely disgusting; the same knife is used for all purposes, and with little preparatory cleaning is employed in services of descriptions widely opposite. They do not reject any kind of food, and devour it almost without being cooked; rats, and other small vermin, snakes and alligators, are all accepted. "The instinct, for I know not what else to call it, which the Indians possess above other men, in finding their way across a wood to a certain spot on the opposite side without path or apparent mark, is most surprising; they trace footsteps over the dry leaves which lie scattered under the trees. The letter-carriers from one province to another are mostly Indians, for from habit they endure great fatigue, and will walk day after day with little rest for months together. I have met them with their wallets made of goatskin upon their shoulders, walking at a regular pace, which is not altered by rough or smooth. Though a horse may outstrip one of these men for the first few days, still if the journey continues long, the Indian will in the end arrive before him. If a criminal has eluded the diligence of the police officers, Indians are sent in pursuit of him as a last resource. It is well known that they will not take him alive; each man who sees the offender fires, for they do not wish to have any contention. Nor is it pos sible for the magistrate to fix upon the individual of the party who shot the criminal; for if any of them are asked who killed him, the answer invariably is, os homens, the men. "It is usually said that a party of Indians will fight tolerably well, but that two or three will take to their heels at the first alarm. Some of them, however, are resolute, and sufficiently courageous; but the ge neral character is usually supposed to be cowardly, inconstant, devoid of acute feelings, as forgetful of favours as of injuries, obstinate in trifles, regardless of matters of importance. The character of the negro is more decided; it is worse, but it is also better. From the black race the worst of men may be formed; but they are capable likewise of great and good actions. The Indian seems to be without energy or exertion; devoid of great good or great evil. Much may, at the same time, be said in their favour; they have been unjustly dealt with, they have been trampled upon, and afterwards treated as children: they have been always subjected to those who consider themselves their superiors, and this desire to govern them has even been carried to the direction of their domestic arrangements. But no,—if they are a race of acute beings capable of energy, of being deeply interested upon any subject, they would do more than they have done. The priesthood is open to them, but they do not take advantage of it. I never saw an Indian mechanic in any of the towns; there is no instance of a wealthy Indian; rich mulattoes and negroes are by no means rare. I have had many dealings with them as guides and carriers, and subsequently as labourers, and have no reasou to complain, for I was never injured by any of them; but neither did I receive any particular good service, excepting in the instance of Julio. For guides and carriers they are well adapted, as their usual habits lead them to the rambling life which these employments encourage. As labourers, I found that they had usually a great inclination to overreach, but their schemes were badly made, and, consequently, easily discovered. I never could depend upon them for any length of time, and to advance money or clothing to them, is a certain loss. If I had any labour, which was to be performed by a given time, the overseer would always reckon upon his mulatto and negro free people; but did not mention in the list of persons who were to work, any of the Indians whom I was then employing; and on my speaking of them, he answered, An Indian is only to be mentioned for the present day;' meaning, that no reliance is to be placed upon them. Like most of the aboriginal inhabitants of the western hemisphere, these people are of a copper colour. They are short, and stoutly made; but their limbs, though large, have not the appearance of possessing great strength, they have no shew of muscle. The face is disproportionately broad, the nose flat, the mouth wide, the eye deep and small, the hair black, coarse, and lank; none of the men have whiskers, and their beards are not thick. The women, when they are young, have by no means an unpleasant appearance; but they soon fall off, and become ugly; their figures are seldom well shaped. Deformity is rare among the Indians; I do not recollect to have seen an individual of this race who had been born defective; and the well-informed persons with whom I conversed, were of opinion, that the Indians are more fortunate in this respect, than any other race with whom they were acquainted. All the Indians of Pernambuco speak Portugueze, but few of them pronounce it well; there is always a certain twang, which discovers the speaker to be an Indian, although the voice was heard without the person being seen; many of them however, do not understand any other language. The Indians seldom, if ever, speak Portugueze so well as the generality of the Creole negroes." - Pp. 116-122. - "I have, perhaps, hardly said sufficient, to give a correct idea of the inhabitants of the fazendas, or cattle estates. Unlike the Peons of the country in the vicinity of the River Plate, the Sertanejo has about him his wife and family, and lives in comparative comfort. The cottages are small, and built of mud, but afford quite sufficient shelter in so fine a climate: they are covered with tiles, where these are to be had, or, as is more general, with the leaves of the Carnaúba. Hammocks usually supply the place of beds, and are by far more comfortable, and those are likewise frequently used as chairs. Most of the better sort of cottages contain a table; but the usual practice, is for the family to squat down upon a mat in a circle, with the bowls, dishes, or gourds in the centre; thus to eat their meals on the floor. Knives and forks are not much known, and are not at all made use of by the lower orders. It is the custom in every house, from the highest to the lowest, as in former times, and, indeed, the same practice prevails in all the parts of the country which I visited, for a silver basin, or one of earthen-ware, or a cuia, and a fringed cambric towel, or one that is made of the coarse cotton cloth of the country, to be handed round, that all those who are going to sit down to eat, may wash their hands; and the same ceremony, or rather necessary piece of cleanliness, takes place again: after the meal is finished. Of the gourds, great use is made in domestic arrangements; they are cut in two, and the pulp is scooped out; then the rind is dried, and these rude vessels serve almost every purpose of earthen-ware: water is: carried in them, &c., and they are likewise used as measures. They vary from six inches in circumference to about three feet, and are usually rather of an oval shape. The gourd, when whole, is called cubaça, and the half of the rind is called cuiu. It is a creeping plant, and grows spontane ously in many parts; but in others, the people plant, it among the mandioc, The conversation of the Sertanejos usually turns upon the state of their cattle, or of women, and occasionally accounts of adventures which took place at Recife, or at some other town. The merits or demerits of the priests, with whom they may happen to be acquainted, are likewise discussed; « and their irregular practices are made a subject of ridicule. The dress of the men has already been described; but when they are at home, a shirt and drawers alone remain. The women have a more slovenly look, as their only dress is a shift and a petticoat, no stockings, and oftentimes no shoes: but when they leave home, which is very seldom, an addition is inade of a large piece of coarse white cloth, either of their own, or of European manufacture, and this is thrown over the head and shoulders; a pair of shoes are likewise then put on. They are good horsewomen, and the high Portugueze saddle serves the purpose of a side saddle very.completely. I never saw any Brazilian women riding, as is the case occasionally in Portugal, in the manner that men do. Their employment consists in household arrangements entirely; for the men even milk the cows and goats, the women spin and work with the needle. No females of free birth are ever seen employed in any kind of labour in the open air, excepting in that of occasionally fetching wood or water, if the men are not at home. The children generally run about naked until a certain age, but this is often seen even in Recife: to the age of six or seven years, boys are allowed to run about without any clothing. Formerly, I mean before the commencement of a direct trade with England, both sexes dressed in the coarse cotton cloth which is made in the country: the petticoats of this cloth were sometimes tinged with a red dye, which was obtained from the bark of the coipuna tree, a native of their woods; and even now, the dye is used for tinging fishing nets, as it is said, that those which have undergone this process last the longest. "In those times, a dress of common printed cotton, of English or Portugueze manufacture, cost from eight to twelve nul reis, from two to three guineas; owing to the monopoly of the trade, by which the merchants of Recife put what price they pleased upon their commodities: other things were in proportion. Owing to the enormous price, European articles of dress could, of course, only be possessed by the rich people. However, since the opening of the ports to foreign trade, English goods are finding their way all over the country, and the hawkers are now a numerous body of men. The women seldom appear, and when they are seen, do not take any part in the conversation, unless it be some one good wife who rules the roast; if they are present at all when the men are talking, they stand, or squat down upon the ground, in the door-way leading to the interior of the house, and merely listen. The morals of the men are by no means strict; and when this is the case, it must give an unfavourable bias, in some degree, to those of the women: but the sertenego is very jealous; and more murders are committed, and more quarrels entered into on this score, by tenfold, than on any other. These people are revengeful; an offence is seldom pardoned; and in default of law, of which there is scarcely any, each man takes it into his own hands. This is, without any sort of doubt, a dreadful state of society, and I do not, by any means, pretend to speak in its justification; but if the causes of most of the mur ders committed, and beatings given are enquired into, I have usually found, that the receiver had only obtained what he deserved. Robberies in the Sertam is scarcely known: the land is, in favourable years, too plentiful to afford temptation; and in seasons of distress for food, every man is, for the most part, equally in want. Subsistence is to be obtained. in an easier manner than by stealing, in so abundant a country, and where both parties are equally brave and resolute; but, besides these reasons, I think the Sertanejos are a good race of people. They are tractable, and might easily be instructed, excepting in religious matters: in these they are fast riveted; and such was their idea of an Englishman and a heretic, that it was, on some occasions, difficult ta make them believe, that I, who had the figure of a human being, could possibly belong to that non-descript race. They are extremely ignorant, few of them possessing even the commonest rudiments of knowledge. Their religion is confined to the observance of certain forms and ceremonies, and to the frequent repetition of a few prayers, faith in charms, relics, and other things of the same order. The Sertanejos are courageous, generous, sincere, and hospitable : if a favour is begged, they know not how to deny it; but if you trade with them, either for cattle, or aught else, the character changes, and then they wish to outwit you, conceiving success to be a piece of clearness of which they may boast." P. 143-146. On his return to Pernambuco, at the end of the year 1811, the author tells us that he found the town much improved, owing to the arrival there of some Portuguese families, who had introduced European customs. Soon afterwards, he and a friend entered into a scheme of farming, and rented a sugar estate; and he continued in this employment during the rest of his stay. The remainder of the volume is not quite so interesting as the first part; so that we shall not enter into any thing like a detail of it. We have said that, though this book can considerably advance neither the liberal arts nor the abstract sciences, (which, indeed, no book written of such a country at such a time could well do,) yet it is such as to impart both pleasure and profit. The scenes of life, and of nature too, which it lays open, will afford an agreeable pastime to those who use reading as a luxury: the botanist has some good lessons given him; the merchant and manufacturer are furnished with useful hints; and Mr. K. seems so thorough-bred a planter, that no mán cán read him without fancying that he knows sufficiently how to realize a fortune by growing cotton and rearing the sugar-cane.-We add to our account the following expression of the author's feelings, which are so natural, that all must sympathize with the writer; and described with so much simplicity and good sense, as to incline one to ascribe to him an ingenuous, virtuous mind. "I gave up my plan of residing in Brazil with reluctance; but I am now much rejoiced that it so happened. Yet, at that time, it required some resolution to leave the people, the place, and the things in which I had taken deep interest,-my negroes and free people, my horses and my dogs, and even my cats and fowls: the house and the garden which I had been improving and forming, and the fields which I had cleared, and was cultirating. All this, believe me, cost much pain in leaving; but thanks to those who desired that it should be so. I should have soon become a Brazil planter: the state in which a man who rules over slaves is placed, is not likely to make him a better creature than he would under other circumstances have been. I should,. perhaps, shortly have been totally unfit to become a member of any other society; my inclinations led me to like the life which I was leading: I was young, and was independent, and had power. Although I am fully aware of the evils which attend a feudal state of society, I liked to have dependants. I might have become so arbitrary, so much a lover of a half-savage life; I might have contracted so great a relish for rambling, have become so unsettled, as to have been dissatisfied with what is rational and to be desired in this world. Until lately, I cherished the hope of being able to return to that country, with the means of crossing the continent of South America; but I have now given this up from unavoidable circumstances, and even my wishes have taken another bias: but God only knows whether it may not be my fate to enter into the scheme; accident, and inclinations over which I have no controul, may so direct. England is my country, but my native soil is Portugal: I belong to both; and whether in the company of Englishmen, of Portugueze, or Brazilians, I feel equally among my countrymen. My constant and fervent prayers are offered up for their prosperity, and for a continuance of that friendship which has borne the test of so many years. Fresh causes have lately occurred for rivetting the links which bind the two united nations; their people have fought together, and neither have been found wanting." -P. 334. Several tolerably good coloured plates are given, illustrative of mills, of harbours, and different sorts of vessels used by the aboriginal inhabitants; and, above all, of their dress, or what we coxcombically call costume. On Friday, November the first, was published the British Review, No. 16 "For dulness ever must be regular." Mechanical processes for the production of books and newspapers, are becoming very fashionable in this country; and the British Review appears to be one of the things for which we are indebted to machinery alone. Its conductors have, like all other handicraftsmen, a secret for its composition, which we |