of their own county and community, and to know the principal facts with regard to other States and the country as a whole. Ordinarily they are not interested in a mass of details with regard to other States or other local communities.

With this conception in mind the Bureau of the Census proposes to issue a series of bulletins giving details for each State and a series of general bulletins giving the principal facts for the country as a whole, by States and by leading cities. The detail bulletins for any given State will in general be distributed only to the citizens of that State, while the bulletins containing the more general information will be distributed throughout the country. Later there will be prepared a series of bound compendiums, one for each State. The compendium for a given State will contain all the material in the separate bulletins for that State and all the material in the general United States bulletins, together with some additional information and text discussion which will perhaps not have been issued at all in bulletin form. The compendium of any given State will thus be a convenient volume, containing perhaps three or four hundred pages, which will be of great practical value to the people of that State. It will be much easier for them to find the information desired in a small volume of this character than to pick it out of a long series of bulky volumes. Moreover, owing to the comparatively small cost of such State compendiums, they can be distributed in a larger edition than the Government could afford to publish of the complete census.

While the proposed State compendiums will cover all three of the main branches of the census, namely, population, agriculture, and manufactures, mines and quarries, the nature of their contents can best be understood by describing the part which will relate to population only. For any given State the section of the compendium relating to population will contain (1) the number of inhabitants, for three censuses, by minor civil divisions (counties, cities, townships, 'precincts, wards, etc.); (2) facts with regard to the sex, color, general nativity, country of birth, citizenship, illiteracy, and school attendance of the population of each county, so arranged as to bring all the facts with regard to any one county into immediate juxtaposition; (3) similar detailed facts for each municipality of 2,500 or more inhabitants; (4) facts classified in somewhat greater detail with reference to the subjects above specified, and also with reference to other subjects, for the population of the State as a whole, it being desirable to publish a more complete statistical analysis for the State as a whole than for its smaller subdivisions; (5) statistics on similar subjects, with reference to cities of 25,000 or more inhabitants, in somewhat greater detail than for counties and smaller cities, but in less detail than for the State as a whole.

The various tables above mentioned as appearing in the State compendiums will contain approximately all the information which appears in the final reports with reference to that particular State and its subdivisions. There will, however, be another section (6) of the compendium for each State, which will present for all of the States comparative figures on the various subjects covered by the population census, only the more important items on each subject being included. In other words, this section will constitute an abstract of the population census by States. There will further be a similar abstract (7) for all cities in the United States of 25,000 or more inhabitants; likewise (8) a table showing the population of each county of the country and (9) a table showing the population of each incorporated place of 2,500 or more inhabitants.

The material with reference to population contained in the State compendiums will, as above stated, be largely issued in advance in the form of bulletins. One series of State bulletins on population is already in process of publication, the bulletins for numerous States having been issued and the remainder about to appear. This first series of State population bulletins deals exclusively with the number of inhabitants without presenting their characteristics; it gives the population of counties and minor civil divisions, together with comparative statistics of the distribution and growth of urban and rural population. An introductory text is written in connection with each of these State bulletins, so as to make the figures more intelligible. A second series of bulletins, giving the principal characteristics of the population, by counties and for the State as a whole, will be begun shortly.

The complete sets of final reports of the census, which, as before stated, are intended only for limited distribution, will comprise all of the material in detail for all of the States. These final reports will consist of two classes of volumes. In the volumes of the first class will be bound up together the contents of the several State compendiums. They will thus constitute a geographical presentation of the census material on all subjects with regard to each State and its subdivisions appearing in one place. The second set of volumes in the final reports will consist of subject presentations, in which the facts on any given subject will be published together, the data for each State or for each city being placed in comparison with those for other States and cities.

There will thus be to some extent a duplication of the material in the final reports, the same data appearing once under the geographical arrangement and again under the subject arrangement. This duplication will not, however, be very great; for, in the first place, the details with regard to the population of individual counties or of the smaller cities will appear only in the volumes based on geographical

grouping, and, in the second place, some of the analytical presentations for States and large cities in the tables on special subjects will not be reproduced in full in the geographical presentation.

It is intended also to issue a series of monographs or special reports covering individual subjects of the census. These will be merely reprints from the final reports, intended to save the expense of furnishing a complete volume or series of volumes to persons desiring information on a single subject only. To some extent monographs of this character were issued at previous censuses, but it is expected that the plan will be further developed.

The Bureau of the Census has taken special measures to secure the wide dissemination of the principal results of the census through the press. Statements consisting of simple text and tables, arranged for convenient publication, have been distributed to the press, with the result that a much wider publicity has been given to the census data than could ever be secured through the direct distribution of the bulletins and reports.

GENERAL PROGRESS OF CENSUS WORK.

The census act requires that the results of the census shall be published within the census period ending June 30, 1912. The Bureau expects to be able to comply with this requirement, provided adequate appropriations are made by Congress. The results can, with sufficient funds, be published by that date quite as completely as the law requires or as was the case with the Twelfth Census. The Director of the Census, however, finds it impossible to publish before June 30, 1912, in the form of final bound volumes, absolutely all of the information which ought to be derived from the census. The scope of the census is so enormous and the material so complex that it is impossible to perform all the tasks required examination of original schedules, tabulation under a complex scheme of classification, checking of results, preparation of careful explanatory and summarizing texts, proof reading, printing, and binding--and to go into the most complete possible analysis of every subject within such a short period of time. As at the census of 1900, it may be possible that some even of the basic results can be published only in unbound bulletins, in some cases perhaps lacking full text discussion.

Moreover, there are at least three important subjects covered by the population census, concerning which only part of the tables which should be compiled can be compiled before the end of the fiscal year 1912. These are the subjects of occupations, characteristics of the foreign-born population by country of birth, and family statistics. The principal facts relating to each of these subjects, embracing all which may be considered as necessary in compliance with the law authorizing the collecting of the statistics, can be published by June

30, 1912. For example, there can, if appropriations are adequate, be published prior to that time statistics showing the number of persons employed, by sex and broad age classifications, in each occupation. More detailed analyses, showing the race, nationality, conjugal condition, and age in some detail of the persons in different occupations, would be of great value, but, no matter how large a force be put upon them, they can not be completed until after the end of the census period. Precisely the same thing was done at the Twelfth Census, the greater part of the details regarding persons in the several occupations having been compiled and published after the three-year census period.

At the Twelfth Census practically no information was published concerning the characteristics of the foreign-born population, as classified by country of birth. The great interest in the subject of immigration during recent years makes it of the highest importance that such detailed statistics should be compiled, and this also must necessarily be deferred to the fiscal year 1913. The number born in each country, and the characteristics of the foreign-born as a general class, will be tabulated during the census period.

At the Twelfth Census comparatively little information regarding family conditions was published. Preparations were made for the compiling of statistics regarding the number of children born to each married woman and the number of such children living, together with other facts regarding family conditions, but the tabulations were never completed nor the results published. It is proposed in connection with the Thirteenth Census to issue, prior to June 30, 1912, facts similar to those which were issued at the Twelfth Census, but it would be desirable during the fiscal year 1913 to tabulate in considerable detail statistics regarding fecundity; that is to say, statistics showing the number of children born and the number living for married women, in comparison with the duration of marriage, and on the basis of classification according to race and nativity. The profound interest which attaches to the question of the relative fecundity of the different races and of the native and foreign-born populations would render such statistics of great value.

OFFICE FORCE.

The office work in connection with the decennial census required a very large addition to the force of the Bureau. At the beginning of the fiscal year 1910 the Bureau employed in Washington about 650 persons. By the end of the fiscal year the force had increased to about 3,000. The maximum was reached in September, when more than 3,800 were employed. Since that time the force has been gradually reduced as different branches of the work have been 26321°-C & L 1911- -4

brought to completion. On June 30, 1911, the force employed in Washington amounted all told to 2,868 persons, consisting of 24 administrative officers, 93 special agents, 2,540 clerks, 169 subclerical employees, together with 42 employees in the machine shop, the latter being appointed, in part, without civil-service examination. Since the close of the fiscal year the force has been still further reduced, the aggregate on September 30, 1911, being 2,458. It is expected that a rapid reduction in the force will take place after January 1, 1912, and that by the end of the present fiscal year it will be reduced to nearly the same level as at the beginning of the census period.

On July 1, 1910, there were on the rolls of the Bureau of the Census a limited number of clerks holding emergency appointments by authority of a provision of the census act permitting, in the case of emergency, appointments to be made, for not to exceed 60 days, of persons who had had previous census experience or of persons selected from the eligible register without regard to apportionment. This emergency force, which was appointed primarily for the purpose of the temporary rush work of punching population cards, was entirely dropped in December, 1910, when the work of punching was completed, and no further emergency appointments were made during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, but in October, 1911, 35 clerks with previous experience were taken on for a short period. The entire temporary force of the Bureau of the Census, therefore, has, during most of the past fiscal year, consisted of persons appointed as a result of competitive civil-service examination, apportioned among the States, and selected in all cases from the top of the register.

Owing to the fact that in many States, particularly in the West and South, the number of persons who successfully passed the examination for the Thirteenth Census force was not sufficient to equal the quota of such appointments to which the State was entitled, it became necessary—although two examinations were held-to appoint a disproportionate number from some of the other States, notably from Maryland and the District of Columbia. In the reductions of the temporary force which have been made up to the present time it was deemed desirable that dismissals should be made first from among persons appointed from those States which thus had an excess of original appointments, in order, as far as possible, to restore the proportion of equality among the States. This policy had necessarily to be modified in a certain measure by considerations of efficiency and economy. It would obviously be undesirable to drop a clerk appointed from, say, the District of Columbia in the midst of a piece of work upon which that clerk had become expert and transfer to that work a clerk from some other State who had had no experience in the particular task. So far as practicable, clerks from States having excess of appointments were assigned to work which would terminate