the Caspian Sea. They have broad foreheads and narrow chins, small sunk eyes, high cheek-bones, short and flat noses, large and separated teeth, short set statures, and olive complexions.

319. The Tartars have no settled habitation; but wander from place to place, and live with their horses and herds under tents covered with hides. The Chinese are the most numerous people in the world, inhabit the finest climate, and cultivate, with success, all the arts and sciences.

The Japanese inhabit certain large islands, and are not inferior to the Chinese in industry and ingenuity; but wisely allow little or no intercourse with meddling foreigners.

320. Another distinct family of the human race, are the black and swarthy inhabitants of India, and of the islands of the Indian Ocean. They have European features, long black straight hair, and slender shapes. Their manners are effeminate; but their dresses and houses are very elegant.

Many millions of them, called Gentoos, never eat flesh, or any thing that has lived; but subsist chiefly on rice and fruits, and enjoy health, strength and long life.

321. The peaceable habits of the Hindoos have, in all ages, rendered them a prey to foreign invaders.— The Tartars have frequently invaded and plundered them.

Latterly, the European nations, particularly the English, have established themselves among them; but though they have sometimes committed excesses, yet they are happily introducing among the natives, the arts, philosophy, and the religion of Europe.

322. The fourth variety of the human species, and the most remarkable of the whole are the Negroes of Africa. Their black colour, their woolly heads, their fla. noses, and thick lips, are well known among us. For many ages an infamous and most shocking

traffic was carried on in these poor people, who were torn from their country to work in the sugar-plantations of the West Indies; but, happily, the slave-trade carried on by American and British merchants, has been abolished. There is also now a prospect that other nations, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese, through the intervention of Great Britain, will shortly abolish this nefarious trade.

323. These simple people inhabit all the coasts and interior of Africa between the tropics, and have been retained in a barbarous state by the effects of the slavetrade; which induced their tribes and nations to make war upon each other, for the purpose of stealing the people, and selling them for slaves to Europeans.

AFRICANS.

324. The next distinct family of men, are the native American Indians, spread in small tribes over the whole of that vast continent. They are of a dark copper-colour, have black hair, and small black eyes, high cheek-bones, and frequently flat noses.

As the Europeans advance, the natives retire, and form the inhabitants of what are called-the Back Settlements.

325. The sixth variety, or the European race, are the English, the French, the Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and other modern nations.

These had their

origin partly from the Scandinavians, (Swedes and Goths,) characterised by light hair and blue eyes; and from the Celts, distinguished by black eyes and black hair.

The Swedes, English, Irish, Scotch, and Germans, are very fair; but the Italians, French, and Spaniards, are swarthy.

326. The clear complexion of the European is best adapted to express the passions of the soul and the health of the body; while the energy of their understandings, and the vigor of their corporeal frames, qualify them to carry all the arts to perfection; and to raise man to that scale of eminence, to which he seems to have been fitted and destined by his CREATOR.

327. Such are the natures and the varieties of men, as scattered over the face of the earth. Their numbers united are supposed to be nearly eight hundred millions of whom in Europe, every square mile contains 34, in Asia, 36, in Africa, 6, and in America 3 individuals.

The whole number of human beings being renewed every 32 years, on the average, 25 millions must der

and be born every year, i. e. 3,000 every hour or 50 every minute.

Like leaves on trees, the race of man is found;

Now green in youth, now withering on the ground.
Another race the following spring supplies,
They fall successive, and successive rise;
So generations in their course decay,

So flourish these, when those are past away.

РОРЕ.

328. As men have divided by chance or design, into separate governments, they have assumed the names of nations, republics, kingdoms, or empires; and the knowledge of these constitutes a leading feature of geographical study.

The most populous nations are, the Chinese of 300 millions, the Hindoos of 40 millions, the French of 30 millions, and the Russians of 36 millions. The most extensive are the Russians, Chinese, Turkish, French and British empires.

329. From north to south, Europe is divided into Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, Saxony, Westphalia, France, Wurtemburgh, Bavaria, Switzerland, Austria, Turkey, Italy, Naples, Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain and Ireland.

Obs. It will be highly proper that tutors point out on some map of the world, all these countries to the pupil, and render him expert in pointing to them himself. He ought also to be directed to write out the boundaries and latitude and longitude of each from the map. Nothing can be so ridicu lous, as to compel children to commit verbal descriptions of the boundaries of countries to memory. The only guide is a good map; and that they ought to trace or copy, till they can answer any question that is put to them. No one need blush for ignorance of geography, after he has twice or thrice traced or copied maps. The scale of mountains in Goldsmith's "Illustrations of Popular Geography," should also be copied in maps, and the lines of comparative sizes deserve some consideration. The best exercises in mechanical and mathematical geography, however, are in the Geographical Copy-Books and the Royal School Atlas.

330. The following is an enumeration of the names, capitals, and population of the countries of Europe: