De Gourges's foray upon the Spaniards.

English navigators.

The Carolina region.

men, women, and children, and over their dead bodies placed an inscription, avowing that he slew them, not "because they were Frenchmen, but Lutherans. Upon that field of blood he erected a cross, and laid the foundation of a church to commemorate the deed.

17. The feeble Charles of France took no steps to avenge this outrage. But one of his subjects, a fiery soldier of Gascony, named De Gourges, inflicted retribution. He hated the Spaniards, and fitting out three ships at his own expense, he sailed for Florida with one hundred and fifty men. He attacked the Spaniards, made two hundred prisoners, and, hanging his captives upon the trees almost upon the spot where his countrymen had been murdered, he placed over them the inscription-" I do not this as unto Spaniards or mariners, but unto traitors, robbers, and murderers." Too weak to brave the vengeance of Melendez, who was at St. Augustine, De Gourges immediately left the coast, and returned to France. The natives were delighted at seeing their common enemies thus destroying each other. The Spaniards, however, held possession, and a Spanish settlement was ever afterward maintained at St. Augustine, except during a few years.

2

18. Although the English seem not to have wholly relinquished the idea of planting settlements in America, it was not until almost eighty years after the discovery of the continent by Cabot, that healthy efforts to found colonies in the New World, were made by them. Frobisher3 (an eminent navigator) and others had explored the north-western coast of North America, to the dreary region north of Hudson's Bay,1 in search of precious metals and a north-west passage to India," but without beneficial results. Newfoundland was visited every year by numerous English and French fishing vessels, and the neighboring continent was frequently touched by the hardy mariners. Yet no feasible plans for colonization were matured.

6

19. When the public mind of England was turned from the cold regions of Labrador and the fancied mineral wealth in its rugged mountains, to the milder South, and the more solid benefits to be derived from plantations than mines, a new and brilliant era in the history of civilization began. This change was produced incidentally by the Huguenot adventurers. The remnant of Coligny's first colony, who were picked up at sea and sent to England, informed the queen of the glory of the climate and the fertility of the soil, of Carolina. When De Gourges returned from his foray upon the Spaniards, Walter Raleigh, then a young man of much promise, was learning the art of war with Coligny, in France, and he communicated to his friends in England that Chevalier's account of Florida, which was yet a wil

1. The Protestants were often called by the general name of Lutherans, because the later Reformation was commenced by the bold opposition of Martin Luther to the corrupt practices of the Romish Church. Note 14, page 48. 2. Verse 3, page 36. 3. Born in Yorkshire, England; was trained in the navigator's art, and died of wounds received in a naval battle in 1594. 4. Note 7, page 45. 5. Note 4, page 36.

6. Verse 13, page 39.

QUESTIONS.-17. How did the French retaliate the cruelty of the Spaniards? 18. Where and how did the English attempt settlements in America? 1. What events led to the efforts of England to plant settlements in the middle regions of America?

Scheme of Gilbert and Raleigh.

Roanoke.

Virginia named.

derness free for the sons of toil. The Protestant' feeling of England was strongly stirred by the cruelties of Melendez, and soon many minds were employed in planning schemes for the colonizing of the pleasant middle regions of North America.

20. The first healthy plan for settlement was proposed by the learned Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a step-brother of Walter Raleigh. In June, 1578, he obtained a liberal patent from the queen. Raleigh gave him the aid of his hand and fortune; and early in 1579, Gilbert sailed for America, with a small squadron, accompanied by his step-brother. Heavy storms and Spanish war-vessels compelled them to return, and the scheme was abandoned for a time. Four years afterward [1583] Gilbert sailed with another squadron; and after a series of disasters, he reached the harbor of St. John's, in Newfoundland. There he set up a pillar with the English arms upon it,2 proclaimed the sovereignty of his queen, and then proceeded to explore the coast southward. After being terribly beaten by tempests off the shores of Nova Scotia and Maine, and losing his largest ship, he turned his vessel toward England. At midnight, during a gale, his own little bark went down, with all on board [Sept.], and only one vessel of the expedition returned to England to relate the dreadful narrative.

21. Raleigh now obtained a patent for himself [April 1584], which made him lord proprietor of all lands that might be discovered by him in America, between the Santee and Delaware rivers. He despatched Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, with two well-furnished ships, to explore the American coast. They approached the shores of Carolina3 in July, and landing upon the islands of Wocoken and Roanoke, in Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, they took possession of the country in the name of Elizabeth. They remained a few weeks, exploring the Sounds and trafficking with the natives, and then returned to England with two sons of the

RALEIGH.

forest.1 The glowing accounts of the newly discovered country filled Raleigh's heart with joy; and the queen truly declared the event to be one of the most glorious of her reign. In memorial of her unmarried state, she gave the name of VIRGINIA to the enchanting region.

22. Raleigh now indulged in brilliant dreams of wealth and power to be derived from the New World, and he made immediate preparations for

1. Note 14, p. 48.

2. Note 1, p. 31.

3. The French Protestants had given the name of Carolina to the region where they attempted settlement, and it has ever since retained it. See verse 13, page 39.

4. Manteo and Wanchese, natives of the adjacent continent: probably of the Hatteras tribe.

5. Born in Devonshire, England, 1552. He wrote a History of the World while in prison under a false charge of high treason, for which he was beheaded in London, October 29th, 1628.

QUESTIONS.-20. What can you tell of the expedition under Sir Humphrey Gilbert? 21. What expeditions did Sir Walter Raleigh fit out? What was the result?

The English and Indians on Roanoke.

W

Destruction of adventurers.

planting settlements on his trans-Atlantie domains. He despatched a fleet of seven vessels [April 19, 1585], under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. They narrowly escaped destruction on the Carolina coast [June], and in consequence Grenville named the point where their peril was greatest, Cape Fear. They landed upon the Island of Roanoke, in Albemarle Sound, and there prepared for a permanent residence.

23. Instead of looking to the fruition of seedtime for true riches, the English turned from the wealthy soil upon which they stood, and went upon vain searches for gold in the forests of the adjoining continent. They treated the kind natives with harshness, and made them their enemies; and schemes for the destruction of the white intruders were speedily planned. As soon as Grenville departed with the ships, for England, the natives withheld supplies of food, drew the English into perilous positions by tales.of gold-bearing shores along the Roanoke river, and finally reduced the colony to the verge of ruin. At that moment, Sir Francis Drake arrived from the West Indies, with his fleet, and afforded them relief. But they were anxious to leave the country, and were all conveyed to England by Drake in June, 1586. A few days after their departure, a well-furnished vessel, sent by Raleigh, arrived; and a fortnight later, Grenville entered the inlet with three ships well-provisioned. After searching for the departed colony, Grenville sailed for England, leaving fifteen men upon Roanoke.

24. Raleigh now adopted a wiser policy, and instead of sending out mere fortune hunters,' he collected a band of agriculturists and artizans, with their families, and despatched them [April 26, 1587] to found an industrial State in Virginia. He gave them a charter; and John White, who accompanied them, was appointed governor of the colony. They reached Roanoke in July. There all was desolation. The bones of the fifteen men left by Gren

2

ville lay bleaching on the ground. Their huts were in ruins, and wild deer were feeding in their little gardens. They had been murdered by the Indians. 25. Manteo, who returned in 1585, did not share in the Indian hatred of the white people, and like Massasoit of New England, he remained their friend. By command of Raleigh he received Christian baptism, and was invested, by White, with the title of Lord of Roanoke, the first and last peerage created in America. Yet Manteo could not avert nor control the storm that lowered among the Indian tribes, and menaced the English with destruction. The colonists perceived that fearful perils were gathering, and White hastened

1. Verse 16, page 52.

2. Note 4, page 41.

3. Verse 2, page 90.

QUESTIONS.-22. What other efforts did Raleigh make? 23. What ought the English to have sought instead of gold? What befell the English on the island of Roanoke? How were they saved? Who came with relief? 24. What new scheme did Raleigh undertake? What did the new adventurers find on Roanoke? 25. What can you relate of an Indian Sachem? What interesting event occurred in Viginia at that time?

Virginia Dare.

Abandonment of America.

New expeditions.

to England toward the close of the year for reinforcements and provisions, leaving behind him his daughter, Eleanor Dare (wife of one of his lieutenants), who had just given birth to a child [August 18, 1587], whom they named Virginia. VIRGINIA DARE was the first offspring of English parents born within the territory of the United States.'

26. When White reached England, the great Spanish Armada was preparing for an invasion of Great Britain; and Raleigh, Grenville, and others, were deeply engaged in public affairs. It was not until the following May [1589], that White departed, with two ships, for Virginia. According to custom, he went by the way of the West Indies, and depredated upon Spanish property found afloat. He was beaten in an engagement, lost one of his vessels, and was obliged to return to England. It was not until 1590 that White was allowed to go to Roanoke in search of his daughter and the colony he had left. Both had then disappeared. Roanoke was a desolation; and, though Raleigh, who had abandoned all thoughts of colonization, had five times sent mariners, good and true, to search for the emigrants, they were never found. Eighty years later, the Corees told the English settlers upon the Cape Fear river, that their lost ENGLISH GENTLEMAN, kindred had been adopted by the once powerful Hatteras

1580.

tribe, and became amalgamated with the children of the wilderness. The English made no further attempts at colonization at that time; and So, a century after Columbus sailed for America, there was no European settlement upon the North American continent. Drake had broken up the military post at St. Augustine [1585], and the Red Men were again sole masters of the vast domain.

27. Twelve years after the failure of Raleigh's colonization efforts, his friend, Gosnold, sailed in a small bark [March 26, 1602] directly across the Atlantic for the American coast. After a voyage of seven weeks, he discovered the continent near Nahant [May 14, 1602], and sailing southward, he landed upon a sandy point which he named Cape Cod, on account of the great number of those fishes in that vicinity. Continuing southward, he discovered Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the group known as Elizabeth 1. Note 2, page 63.

2. This was a great naval armament, fitted out by Spain, for the invasion of England in the summer of 1588. It consisted of 150 ships, 2,650 great guns, and 30,000 soldiers and sailors. It was defeated [July 20] by Admirals Drake and Howard.

3. While Raleigh was making these fruitless searches, the Marquis de la Roche, a wealthy French nobleman, attempted to plant a French colony in America. He was commissioned by the King of France for the purpose, and in 1598 sailed for America with a colony, chiefly drawn from the prisons of Paris. Upon the almost desert island of Sable, near the coast of Nova Scotia, La Roche left forty men, while he returned to France for supplies. He died soon afterward, and for seven years the poor emigrants were neglected. When a vessel was finally sent for them, only twelve survived. They were taken to France, their crimes were pardoned by the king, and their immediate wants were supplied." 6. Verse 1, page 7.

4. Verse 11, page 15.

5. Note 10, page 15.

QUESTIONS-26. What probably became of White's colony? What was the condition of America in regard to settlements a century after the voyage of Columbus? 27. What were the chief incidents of an expedition under Gosnold?

Explorations of the coast of Maine.

De Monts's expedition.

Islands. Upon one of them, which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his sovereign, Gosnold and his company prepared to found a settlement. Upon an islet, in a tiny lake, they built a fort and store-house.' Becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and the want of supplies, they freighted their vessel with sassafras roots, and returned to England in June, 1602.

2

28. The glowing accounts of the country which Gosnold gave, awakened the enterprise of some Bristol merchants, and the following year [1603] they fitted out two vessels for the purposes of exploration and traffic with the natives. The command was given to Captain Pring, who discovered the shores of Maine, near the mouth of the Penobscot [June], and coasting westward, entered and explored several of the larger rivers of that State. He sailed along the coast to Martha's Vineyard,3 trading with the natives; and from that island he returned to England, after an absence of only six months. Pring made another voyage to Maine in 1606, and more thoroughly explored the country. Maine was also visited in 1605, by Captain Weymouth, who had explored the coast of Labrador in search of a north-west passage to India. He took formal possession of the country in the name of King James. He decoyed five natives on board his vessel, and then sailed for England. These excited much curiosity; and the narratives of other mariners of the West of England, who visited these regions at about the same time, gave a new stimulus to colonizing efforts.

29. In 1603, De Monts, a wealthy French Huguenot, obtained a commission of vice-royalty over six degrees of latitude in New France, extending from Cape May to Quebec. He prepared an expedition for settlement, and arrived at Nova Scotia, with two vessels, in May, 1604. He passed the Summer there, trafficking with the natives; and in the Autumn he crossed over to the mouth of the St. Croix (the eastern boundary of Maine), and erected a fort there. He had left a few settlers at Port Royal (now Annapolis) under Poutrincourt. These De Monts joined the following Spring [1605], and organized a permanent colony. He named the place Port Royal; and the territory now included in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent Islands, he called ACADIE.'

30. In 1608, De Monts obtained a grant of the monopoly of the fur-trade upon the St. Lawrence, for one year, and a new commission to plant a colony elsewhere in New France. The new expedition was placed under the command of Samuel Champlain, and on the 3d of June, 1608, he arrived, with

3. Properly Martin's Vineyard.
6. Verse 5, page 36.

4. Note 1, page 340. 7. Note 3, page 64.

1. Dr. Belknap discovered the cellar of this store-house in 1797. 2. Verse 2, page 35. 5. Verse 12, page 38. 8. De Monts first brought swine, and other domestic animals, into this portion of America. Some were also taken from there to French settlements planted in Canada a few years later. The company of which he was chief, fitted out four vessels. De Monts commanded the two here named, assisted by Champlain and Poutrincourt.

9. In 1613, Samuel Argall made a piratical visit to these coasts, under the direction of the governor of the Virginia colony. He destroyed the remnant of De Monts' settlement at St. Croix, broke up the peaceful colony at Port Royal, and plundered the people of every thing of value.

QUESTIONS.-28. What were the effects of Gosnold's voyage? Relate the incidents of Pring's voyage. Who visited the coast of Maine in 1605? What effects followed? 29. What were the principal incidents of the expedition cf De Monts?