ered by the foregoing decision, and the de- | of Columbia, asking for a writ of mandainus cree of the circuit court of appeals herein is therefore, affirmed. On a petition for a modification of the above decree of affirmance, Mr. Justice Peckham announced on June 1, 1903, the order of the court that the decree dismissing the bill be modified by providing that the dismissal is without prejudice to such future proceedings as complainant may be advised, and that as so modified the decree be affirmed. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA on the v. to compel the defendant, the Secretary of the Interior, to vacate a certain order made by him rejecting selections of land by one Clarke, and to compel the defendant to order such selections passed to patent and to cause to be prepared and presented for signature to the proper officers of the United States of America a patent for the selected land, or for such other relief as might be proper. The court denied the petition, and from that judgment the relator appealed to the court of appeals of the District, which, after a hearing, affirmed the judgment of the court below. The relator has brought the case here by writ of error. The petition for the writ filed in the court below, in addition to various conclusions of law, made the following averments of fact: On October 28, 1898, one C. W. Clarke ETHAN A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary of the was the owner in fee of certain land in the Interior. (See S. C. Reporter's ed. 316-326.) state of Oregon covered by a patent from the United States to his grantors, which is described in the petition, and the land was situated in a forest reservation in that state, Mandamus against Secretary of Interior-designated as the Cascade Range Forest does not lie to control judicial action. Reservation. On the day above mentioned Clarke executed a deed, which conveyed in Mandamus will not lie against the Secretary of fee and relinquished to the United States the Interior to compel him to vacate his deci- the land above described, and the deed was sion that a selection of public iand, under the surrendered to the register and receiver of act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat. at L. 36, chap. the proper land office and received and ae2, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1541), in lieu of land relinquished in a forest reservation, cepted by them. Certain land was thereupon must be rejected because of the failure of the selected by Clarke, which land had been duly selector to show in due and proper form that surveyed and classified as agricultural land the land was, at the date of selection, subject prior to the selection, and appeared on the to selection as "vacant land open to settle-records of the Land Department as agriculment," which the Secretary construed as tural land, subject to disposition under the meaning to exclude land in the actual posses- act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat. at L. 36, chap. sion of any person under the local customs or rules of miners which are by statute incor-2, U. S. Comp. Stat. 1901, p. 1541), relatporated into and have become part of the ing to forest reserve lands. A copy of the material portion of that act is set forth inf1⁄2 18] the margin in the case immediately preceding, Cosmos Exploration Co. v. Gray Eagle Oil Co. 190 U. S. 301, ante, 1064, 23 Sup. Ct. laws of the United States. [No. 632.] Argued March 17, 18, 1903. 18, 1903. Decided May Rep. 692. After the selection of the land the regis ter certified that the land thus selected in IN ERROR, to the Court of Appeals of lieu of the land to the the District of Columbia to review a judgment which affirmed a judgment of the Supreme Court of that District denying a petition for a writ of mandamus to compel the Secretary of the Interior to vacate an order rejecting a selection of public land. Affirmed. Statement by Mr. Justice Peckham: The relator, plaintiff in error, filed its petition in the supreme court of the District NOTE. 18 to when mandamus will issue to public officcrs-see notes to United States er rel. Pollok v. Hall (D. C.) 1 L. R. A. 738; People ex rel. Brokaw v. Bloomington Twp. Highway Comrs. (Ill.) 6 L. R. A. 161, and Territory ex rel. Choteau County v. Cascade County (Mont.) 7 L. R. A. 105. That mandamus will not lie to control official judgment and discretion-see note to Bates v. Taylor (Tenn.) 3 L. R. A. 316, and State ex rel. Charleston, C. C. & C. R. Co. v. Whitesides (S. C.) 3 L. R. A. 777. As to independence of departments of govern States was free from conflict, and that there was no adverse filing, entry, or claim thereto. and he thereupon entered the selected land upon the records and tract books of the land office. The Land Departinent thereafter required Clarke (without authority of law as averred) to publish a notice of his selection for a period of sixty days, and the register forwarded all the papers to the Commissioner of the General Land Of 'fice, together with his above-mentioned certifiment-see note to Fleming v. Guthrie (W. Va.) 3 L. R. A. 53, and Bates v. Taylor (Tenn.) 3 L. R. A. 316. As to when mandamus is the proper remedy— see notes to United States er rel. International Contracting Co. v. Lamont, 39 L. ed. U. S. 160; M'Cluny v. Silliman, 4 L. ed. U. S. 263; Fleming v. Guthrie (W. Va.) 3 L. R. A. 54; Burnsville Turnp. Co. v. State (Ind.) 3 L. R. A. 265; State ex rel. Charleston, C. C. & C. R. Co. v. Whitesides (S. C.) 3 L. R. A. 777, and Er parte Hurn (Ala.) 13 L. R. A. 120. cate, and reported to that office that publi- | defeat such selection; that the Commiscation had been ordered pursuant to the sioner also erred in calling upon the selector circular of the General Land Office of De- to demand a hearing and assume the burden cember 18, 1899.. Clarke complied with the of proof upon the question of the character requirements of the department and pub of the land, and in directing that at such lished the notice, and on February 6, 1900, hearing, if demanded, the character of the before the sixty days had expired, the Kern land subsequent to the selection should be Oil Company filed in the local office a pro- embraced in the issue. test against the selection, with accompany. ing affidavits, which protest and affidavits were also thereupon forwarded to the General Land Office. The petitioner avers that the protest was insufficient to constitute an issue as to whether or not the land selected by Clarke was vacant land open to settle ment at the time of such selection, and it was averred that the protestant, by reason of the non-discovery of mineral in the land, was wholly without standing as an adverse claimant under the law and practice of the Land Department. On January 2, 1900, Clarke duly conveyed by deed the selected land to the petitioner, and it thereby became vested with all of Clarke's rights in and to the land, and it is still the owner thereof and entitled to demand and receive from the United States a patent therefor. The petitioner then filed in the General Land Office a motion to dis: miss the protest. It was then averred that at the time of the selection by Clarke no other person had any right, title, or interest, vested or inchoate, in or to the land so selected, and that the persons mentioned in the protest and affidavits, and alleged to have been upon the land as locators at or before the time of the selection by Clarke, and under whom [319] the protestant asserted rights, *were pretended explorers for minerals who had made no discovery of minerals upon the land or any part thereof, but had merely staked off pretended mining claims for the purpose of deceiving others and discouraging and defeating them from acquiring title to such land under the land laws, and that such staking off initiated no lawful right, inchoate or vested, under such land laws. The hearing was had before the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and a decision in the matter was given by him, by which he held that the title of the selector did not vest until approval by the Commissioner, and that the land in the selection was vet open to exploration under the mining laws, and if at the date of the decision the land is shown to be mineral it defeats the selection. From this decision the petitioner appealed to the Secretary of the Interior, and assigned, among other things, that the Commissioner erred in not sustaining the motion to dismiss the protest and in not passing the land selected to patent, and that he also erred in ordering a hearing, and in not holding that the showing of the tract books and land records at the date of the selection governed the character of the land for the purpose of the selection, and also in holding that a discovery of mineral upon the land selected subsequent to the selection and be fore approval by the Commissioner would' On April 25, 1901, the defendant rendered a decision in the matter, wherein, as averred, he held that questions respecting the class and character of the selected land were to be determined by the conditions existing at the time when all requirements necessary to obtain title have been complied with by the selector; that the mere recital in one of the forms approved by the respondent, of an accompanying non-mineral and non-occupancy affidavit, constituted a regulation of the department requiring the filing of such affidavit as a condition precedent to the [320] vesting of selector's title; that such alleged regulation was binding upon selector's forest reserve lieu land; that the affidavits filed by the selector Clarke failed to allege nonoccupancy, and therefore he had not complied with the requirements necessary to ob tain title; that since the said selection by Clarke valuable deposits of mineral petroleum oil had been discovered, and that, in view of the alleged admitted occupancy subsequent to the said selection and the subsequently discovered value of the land for mining purposes, it was apparent that the required proofs of the then non-mineral character and non-occupancy of the land could not then be supplied; that, therefore, the selections must be rejected. The petition averred that the defendant vacated the order of the Commissioner directing a hearing, and arbitrarily, wrongfully, and unlawfully attempted to reject the selections and destroy the vested rights of Clarke and his grantees. The protest mentioned in nowise questioned the sufficiency in substance and form of the selection made by Clarke, nor was the point of the alleged insufficiency of the affidavit raised by the Commissioner of the General Land Office in his decision of December 18, 1900, and the United States has in nowise notified the selector of any defect in the exchange, and there is no issue in the record charging a failure to comply with the law. The affidavits, though not essential to the validity of the contract of exchange tendered by Congress, and accepted and completed by the relinquishment and selection aforesaid, did in law and in fact allege the non-occupancy of the land as understood in the law and the practice of the Land Department, as they expressly negative all the elements of legal occupancy. A motion for a review of the hearing was made and granted, and was thereafter had before the Assistant Attorney General of the United States for the Interior Department. On April 12, 1902, the defendant rendered a decision, adhering to the ruling already given, ignoring the curative effect of sup plemental affidavits of nonoccupancy, and By this decision the Secretary of the Interior erroneously held and decided that the land selected was not "vacant land," [321]*though in truth and in fact unoccupied, and such vacancy and lack of occupancy was not shown by an affidavit of selector, made and filed at the time and as a part of the selection: that the defendant erroneously held and decided that, in order to be vacant land within the meaning of the act of 1897, the selected land must not only be free from the presence of anyone on the land as a matter of fact, but must be shown to be free from such presence of anyone on the land at the date of selection by an affidavit of selector. It was then alleged that in fact there was no person present on the selected land at the time of the selection; that the decision of the Secretary of the Interior on review turned solely on a question of law, and not on any question of fact or on any question of mixed law and fact, and that the only question of law involved is the meaning of the act of June 4, 1897, and the particular words therein, "vacant land open to settlement." The defendant arbitrarily refused to pass the selection to patent, and has arbitrarily ordered the case of the selector dismissed from his docket solely because of the alleged absence from the record of selection of a non-occupancy affidavit, and not because of any ground or cause of objection to the selection set up in said protest. thereon to the present time have been paid, and an affidavit showing the lands selected to be non-mineral in character and unoccupied." It is then averred that the allegations showing the land selected to be non-mineral in character and unoccupied was an essential averment, for the reason that, unless the lands were non-mineral in character and unoccupied, the same were not vacant lands open to settlement within the intent and meaning of the act of 1897. The regulation was not complied with and no evidence of non-occupancy was given, and the allegation contained in the proposed form as to the non-mineral character of the land was not complied with, as it was stated by the selector in this case that his affidavit as to the character of the lands was made " upon the evidence found upon the surface of the ground, and that the affiant does not undertake to express any opinion as to what may be under the ground." The answer then set up the facts as to the protest of the Kern Oil Company and the various hearings and decisions of the Commissioner and the Secretary, in substance as set forth in the petition. . The defendant then averred that by the laws of the United States the duty was imposed upon him to construe the acts governing the disposition of the public lands of the United States, and, in pursuance of the duties so imposed upon him, he was required to construe and apply the terms of the act of Congress of June 4, 1897, and In conclusion, the petitioner prays for a that, in the exercise of his judgment and diswrit of mandamus to command the defend-cretion in that behalf, he did construe the ant "to forthwith recall and vacate his said order rejecting said selections of said Clarke, and if said selections have already been canceled to vacate and recall said cancelation and reinstate the proceedings relating to the said selections, and thereupon to proceed therein as required by law, and to order said selections passed to patent, and cause to be prepared and presented for signature to and by the proper officer of the United States of America a patent or patents for the said selected lands, and that the petitioner may have such other or further relief as the premises warrant and to the court may seem meet." To this petition the defendant made answer, admitting many averments in the petition, and setting up the facts as understood by the defendant, as follows: The defendant averred that Clarke did file his deed 1322] with the local land officers and assumed to select other land under the act of June 4, 1897; that a form of application to select land under the act had been prescribed by the Commissioner of the General Land Of fice in April, 1898, and approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and was in force when the selection was made, and which form contained, among other things, the following clause: "There are also submitted certificates from the proper officers showing that the land relinquished or surrendered is free from encumbrance of any kind, also that all taxes term, "vacant land open to settlement," as To this answer the petitioner demurred on the ground that the same was insufficient and bad in form and substance. After the demurrer was overruled the petitioner elected to stand by it, and the court thereupon adjudged that the rule to show cause should be discharged, the prayer of petitioner denied, and the petition itself dismissed. Messrs. Jefferson Chandler and Shirley C. Ward argued the cause, and, with Messrs. John M. Thurston, William C. Prentiss, M. A. Ballinger, and Horace F. Clark, filed a brief for plaintiff in error: The supervisory power of the Commission er of the General Land Office and the Secretary of the Interior over the action of the local officers is limited to vacating such action for causes which in law make the patent void or, in equity, would sustain suit to cancel it. Cornelius v. Kessel, 128 U. S. 456, 32 L. ed. 482, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 122; Brown v. Hitchcock, 173 U. S. 473, 43 L. ed. 772, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 485. When in cash sales the price has been paid, or in other cases all the conditions of entry performed, the full equitable title has passed, and only the naked legal title remains in the government in trust for the other party, in whom is vested all the rights and obligations of ownership. Benson Min. & Smelting Co. v. Alta Min. & Smelting Co. 145 U. S. 428, 36 L. ed. 762, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 877. The execution and delivery of a patent after the right to it has become complete are mere ministerial acts of the officers charged with that duty. Barney v. Dolph, 97 U. S. 652, 656, 24 L. ed. 1063, 1064; Simmons v. Wagner, 101 U. S. 260, 261, 25 L. ed. 910, 911; Dibble v. Bellingham Bay Land Co. 163 U. S. 63, 74, 41 L. ed. 72, 76, 16. Sup. Ct. Rep. 939. The determination of questions of law by the Land Department is not binding on the courts. Northern P. R. Co. v. Colburn, 164 U. S. 383, 41 L. ed. 479, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 98. The supervisory power of the defendant is purely ministerial. Mullan v. United States, 118 U. S. 271, 30 L. ed. 170, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1041; Orchard v. Alexander, 157 U. S. 373, 39 L. ed. 737, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 635; Lewis, Government of Dependencies, pp. 6-8; Maese v. Herman, 183 C. S. 572, 581, 46 L. ed. 335, 339, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 91. Rights under our system of law and procedure do not rest in the discretionary authority of any officer, judicial or otherwise. Re Parker, 131 U. S. 221, 225, 33 L. ed. 123, 124, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 708. Mandamus will lie wherever a right is denied through mistake of law on the part of a ministerial officer. American School of Magnetic Healing v. McAnnulty, 187 U. S. 94, ante, 90, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 33; Payne v. United States, 20 App. D. C. 581. Messrs. Jefferson Chandler, John M. Thurston, T. C. Van Ness, Shirley C. Ward, William C. Prentiss, M. A. Ballinger, and Horace F. Clark also filed a brief for plaintiff in error: The fact that the act which mandamus seeks to compel is . the culmination of a series of proceedings, or is of a judicial or quasi-judicial nature, or is an act in the course of such proceedings, does not exempt it from judicial control by the through the writ of mandamus when the officer or person charged to perform it arbitrarily and without just legal cause refuses such performance. courts United States ex rel. West v. Hitchcock, 19 App. D. C. 333. Mr. John S. Chapman argued the cause, and, with Messrs. Morgan H. Beach, Henry H. Glassie, Solicitor General Hoyt, and Assistant Attorney General Van Devanter, filed a brief for defendant in error: The Department was necessarily called upon to construe the act. It had jurisdic tion over the subject-matter and of the parties, and it did construe it; and whether that construction was right or wrong, its discretion cannot be controlled by the writ of mandamus. Litchfield v. Richards, 9 Wall. 575, 577, 19 L. ed. 681, 682; Gaines v. Thompson, 7 Wall. 347, 19 L. ed. 62; Noble v. Union River Logging R. Co. 147 U. S. 165, 176, 177, 37 L. ed. 127, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 271; New Orleans v. Paine, 147 U. S. 261, 263, 264, 37 L. ed. 162, 163, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 303; United States ex rel. Dunlap v. Black, 128 U. S. 40, 45, 32 L. ed. 354, 355, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 12; Decatur v. Paulding, 14 Pet. 497, 499, 10 L. ed. 559, 5C0. If any doubt may rightfully exist in the mind of the court on the subject, an answer is furnished to the application for manda mus. Carrick v. Lamar, 116 U. S. 423, 426, 29 L. ed. 677, 678, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 424. If the act be one requiring the exercise of judgment or discretion, whether in the ascertainment of fact or the interpretation of law, it makes no difference how gross an error may be committed or however ill ad vised the action of an executive officer may be. Seymour v. United States, 2 App. D. C. 240; Lochren v. United States, 6 App. D. C. 486. Nor will the writ be issued merely because the law has not provided any other remedy. Re Rice, 155 U. S. 396, 39 L. ed. 198, 15Sup. Ct. Rep. 149; American Constr. Co. v. Jacksonville, T. & K. W. R. Co. 148 U. S. 372, 379, 37 L. ed. 486, 489, 13 Sup.. Ct. Rep. 758. Messrs. John S. Chapman and Henry H. Glassie filed a supplemental brief for defendant in error: Courts cannot by mandamus act directly upon a public officer, and guide and control his judgment or discretion in the matters committed to his care in the ordinary discharge of his official duties. Decatur v. Paulding, 14 Pet. 497, 515, 10 L. ed. 559, 568; United States ex rel. Dunlap v. Black, 128 U. S. 41, 48, 49, 32 L. ed. 355, 357, 358, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 12. A fortiori, the courts have no such power in respect of a department to which Congress has expressly confided judicial functions. Gaines v. Thompson, 7 Wall. 347, 353, 19 L. ed. 62, 65. Mr. Justice Peckham, after making the foregoing statement of facts, delivered the opinion of the court: We have set out in the foregoing statement of facts, at very great length, a large portion of the contents of the petition and answer in this case. It has been done for damns or injunction. The court has no genthe purpose of showing by the record itself eral supervisory power over the officers of the questions of law arising therefrom. the Land Department, by which to control Upon a perusal of the record it appears their decisions upon questions within their that those questions are not merely formal jurisdiction. If this writ were granted we ones, nor are they so plain as not to require would require the Secretary of the Interior the careful judgment of any tribunal to to repudiate and disaffirm a decision which which they may be referred for decision. he regarded it his duty to make in the ex[324] Their solution was properly submitted to ercise of that judgment which is reposed in the Land Department, which had full and him by law, and we should require him to complete jurisdiction over the matters aris- come to a determination upon the issues ining under the act of June 4, 1897, and it volved directly opposite to that which he had thereby became the duty of the officers of reached, and which the law conferred upon that department to decide them. As is said him the jurisdiction to make. Mandamus in Knight v. United Land Asso. 142 U. S. has never been regarded as the proper writ 161, 35 L. ed. 974, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 258: to control the judgment and discretion of an officer as to the decision of a matter which the law gave him the power and imposed upon him the duty to decide for himself. The writ never can be used as a substitute for a writ of error. Nor does the fact that no writ of error will lie in such a case as this, by which to review the judgment of the Secretary, furnish any foundation for the claim that mandamus may therefore be awarded. The responsibility as well as the power rests with the Secretary, uncontrolled by the courts. "The Secretary is the guardian of the people of the United States over the public lands. The obligations of his oath of office oblige him to see that the law is carried out, and that none of the public domain is wasted or is disposed of to a party not entitled to it. He represents the government, which is a party in interest in every case involving the surveying and disposal of the public lands." Congress has constituted the Land Department, under the supervision and control of the Secretary of the Interior, a special tribunal with judicial functions, to which is confided the execution of the laws which regulate the purchase, selling, and care and disposition of the public lands. Neither an injunction nor mandamus will lie against an officer of the Land Department to control him in discharging an official duty which requires the exercise of his judgment and discretion. Marquez v. Frisbie, 101 U. S. 473, 25 L. ed. 800; Gaines v. Thompson, 7 Wall. 347, 19 L. ed. 62; United States ex rel. Dunlap v. Black, 128 U. S. 40, 32 L. ed. 354, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 12, United States ex rel. Redfield v. Windom 137 U. S. 636, 34 L. ed. 811, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 197. În Decatur v. Paulding, 14 Pet. 497, 10 L. ed. 559, it was held that, in general, the official duties of the head of one of the executive departments, whether imposed by act of Congress or by resolution, are not mere ministerial duties. The head of an executive department of the government in the administration of the various and important concerns of his office is continually required to exercise judgment and discretion. He must exercise his judgment in expounding the laws and resolutions of Congress under which he is from time to time required to act. Neither the case of Roberts v. United States, 176 U. S. 221, 44 L. ed. 443, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 396, nor that of American School of Magnetic Healing v. McAnnulty, 187 U. S. 94, ante, 90, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 33, decides anything opposing these views. In the Roberts Case it was simply decided that the duty of the Treasurer to pay the money in question in that case was ministerial in its nature, and should have been performed by him on demand, and that, therefore, mandamus was the proper remedy for his failure to do it. In the McAnnulty Case it was held that the order of the Postmaster General to the postmaster in the city of Nevada, not to deliver the mail to the relator, was not a justification for such refusal, because the order was given without authority of law, and the postmaster could, notwithstanding such order, be compelled by mandamus to do his duty and deliver the mail. The case has no relevancy to the one in hand. *We are so clearly of opinion that the de-[326] cision of the defendant in this case was judicial in its nature that further argument upon the subject is needless. The judgment of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia is affirmed. RAILWAY COMPANY, Piff. JOHN H. ALLISON. (See S. C. Reporter's ed. 326–339.) That the decision of the questions presented to the Secretary of the Interior was SOUTHERN no merely formal or ministerial act is shown beyond the necessity of argument by a perusal of the foregoing statement of the issues presented by this record for the decision of the Secretary. Whether he decided right or wrong, is not the question. Having jurisdic[325]tion to decide at all, he had *necessarily ju- Jurisdiction of Federal courts-diverse citirisdiction, and it was his duty to decide as NOTE. As to diverse citizenship as ground of he thought the law was, and the courts have Federal jurisdiction-see Shipp v. Williams, 10 no power whatever under those circum-c. C. A. 247. and note; Mason v. Dullagham, 27 stances to review his determination by man- C. C. A. 296, and note; Seddon v. Virginia, T. |