THE seventh letter of the alphabet. The lower case assumes more forms than any other character, and it is more difficult to lay down rules for it. In thickness it is a trifle greater than the en quadrat. The capital letter bears a great resemblance to the character C, from which it was separated in the early ages of Rome. Diomed calls it a new consonant. A numeral G was anciently used for 400, and with a dash over it for 40,000.

G. H.-A printer's slang expression intimating that information imparted to one was previously known. An English expression, not used here.

G. I.-A printer's slang expression for general indulgence, such as celebrating a birthday or an apprentice coming out of his time. An

English expression, not in use here.

Gaelic. The language of the North of Scotland, probably prevailing in early times over the whole of that country. It bears a very close resemblance to Erse, or the original language of Ireland, and is often called by that name. It consists of eighteen letters, a, b,

c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u. Of these five are Vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remainder are consonants. Very little is printed in Gaelic.

Gag-Law.-A law passed during the presidency of John Adams which made it an offense punishable by fine and imprisonment for any one to write, print, utter or publish any false, scandalous and malicious writings respecting either House of Congress or the President. This very foolish act, as it is now believed to have been, expired by limitation in 1801.

Gage Paper-Cutter.-A paper-cutter which was formerly manufactured at Manchester, N. H.

Gages (Fr.).-Wages.

Gagner (Fr.).-To gain; to take in more words in the line, the sheet or the page; to be thinner than another face of type.

Gaillarde (Fr.).-A French body of type between eight and nine points, or between brevier and bourgeois. Gaita (Sp.).-A printing-office joke.

Galée (Fr.). A galley; galée à coulisse, a slice galley. Galera (Sp.).-Galley.

Galerada (Sp.).-The matter contained in a galley; also its proof.

Galerie (Fr.).-The composing-room.

Galerin (Sp.).-A wooden galley, open on one side and at the end.

Gallarda (Sp.).-Brevier or eight point.

Gallery.-A term which is frequently used as the title to books of illustrations, being borrowed from the collections of pictures and statuary generally styled galleries. Galley.-A shallow quadrangular box, open on the top and at one end, into which type is placed after it has

been set. The original implement was of wood, with bottom, back and one end only. This is still largely used in Europe and in remote offices in America. But most of those in this country are of wood and brass, the bottom and edges being brass, while wood is used in the frame. Many are of brass alone, while there are also small galleys made of type metal, which are employed by compositors on daily papers for use in distribution. Zinc is used abroad. The usual length of a brass galley is two feet, and its usual width is from five to ten inches. A shorter galley used by make-ups and job-hands is generally of considerable width. The page is carefully made up on it, tied and then slid off on the stone. Formerly slice galleys were much used. The bottom of the galley was false, and after the page had been made up this false

GALLEY.

bottom could be drawn out, with the matter upon it, and carried to the stone, where the page was deposited by sliding. A standing-galley is one upon which matter is emptied; a savings-galley one upon which such headings and lines are put as will afterwards prove useful to the compositor; an emptying-galley a place for emptying matter as set up, and a distributing-galley a place for depositing matter which is to be distributed. See under those heads.

Galley-Press.-A press designed to prove galleys. See PROOF-PRESS.

Galley-Rack.-A rack for galleys, generally after composition is completed. Sometimes the matter is held for a long time, and a great accumulation results. There are therefore several forms of construction.

Galley-Rest.-An attachment to a stand made for the purpose of providing a convenient resting-place for galleys, so that they may not be placed on cases that contain type.

Galley-Slaves. An ancient term of derision applied by pressmen to compositors. Its origin is obvious, as the typesetters must continually be near their galleys. The corresponding term in German to galley is Schiff, a ship or boat.

GALLEY-RACK.

Galley-Slugs.-The compositor's slugs, by which he marks his matter.

Galley-Sticks.-Long sidesticks used on galleys for locking up. On some daily newspapers they are made of metal; old type metal will answer very well. They do not need to be strong.

Gallows.-In a wooden hand-press the frame at and beneath the end to hold up the tympan, so that it may not fall flat, but shall be raised to an angle of twenty or thirty degrees. It has two legs and a crosspiece at the top, and bears some resemblance to a gallows.

Gallows Sockets.-Two pieces of wood with square mortises in them which receive the ends of the gallows. They are nailed or screwed upon the plank behind the tympans.-Savage.

Gally, Merritt, an inventor of printing-presses, was born in Western New York on August 15, 1838. His father, a Presbyterian clergyman, settled in Rochester in 1839, and died in 1844, leaving his son without an inheritance. At eleven years of age he was apprenticed to

the printing business,

for which he showed an aptitude. After this he published a newspaper and did job-printing and engraving, but believing a more liberal education would add to his usefulness he determined to go to college. He entered the Rochester University in 1859, was graduated in 1863, and afterwards at the Theological Seminary at Auburn, preaching for two years regularly before leaving the seminary. He was ordained as a minister by the Presbytery of Lyons, and served as a preacher and pastor for three years, when he was compelled to retire from the pulpit. The Universal printing-press was invented by him in 1869, and soon after he made great improvements in telegraphic apparatus. In 1873 he devised a method for converting in machinery variable into invariable velocity without affecting the source of power. Later he invented self-playing instruments for the automatic production of organ and piano music, which would not only render the notes but the expression; but the greatest number of his inventions have been in printing apparatus. In all lines over five hundred patents have been granted to him.

MERRITT GALLY.

Galvaniser (Fr.).-To cover by electro-plating, as wood letter.

Galvanism.-A form of electricity which derives its name from Galvani, its Italian discoverer. It has entered quite extensively into the work of electrotyping, a process which is described in several foreign languages by some word derived from the name Galvani. The production of electricity in this case arises from the action of an acid in the cell between two plates of dissimilar metals, that which is the more oxidable giving out posi tive electricity. The forms in which the piles have been constructed are numerous. When quantity with a feeble tension is required a single pair of plates, such as zinc and copper, with extensive surfaces, separated by very dilute acid, will answer; for greater power more plates are needed, or metals which excite a greater action. Many improvements have been made upon this original form. The electricity thus excited is of the same nature as that given out by the common machine, the only difference being that the method of producing galvanism is continuous. When in any way discharged it is immediately reproduced by the oxidation of the zinc. See ELECTRO

TYPING.

Galvanismo (Sp.).-Electrotyping. Galvano (Fr.).-An electrotype.

Galvanoglyphy.-A method of etching upon a plate of zinc, covered with varnish. Ink or varnish is rolled over the plate, the ink adhering only to the parts which it touches, every application, when dry, raising the coating, and consequently deepening the etched lines. From this original a plate is electrotyped which can be used typographically.

Galvanography.-A process for obtaining copperplate engravings by covering a plate of silvered copper with several coats of a paint composed of any oxide, such as that of iron, burnt sienna, or graphite, ground with linseed-oil. The substance of these coats is thick or thin, according to the intensity to be given to the lights and shades. The plate is then submitted to the action of the galvanic battery, from which another plate is obtained, reproducing an intaglio copy, with all of the unevenness of the original painting. This is an actual copperplate, resembling an aquatint engraving. It may be touched up by the engraving tools. This process has been improved upon by outlines etched in the usual manner, and the tones laid on with a roulette. An electrotyped copy of this sunk plate is obtained. On this second raised plate the artist completes his picture by means of chalks and india ink, and puts in the lights and shades; from this a second electrotyped copy is made. This second сору, the third in the order of procedure, serves, after being touched up, to print from by the copperplate press.

Galvanoplastic Process.-A method of obtaining electrotypes of fossil fishes and similar objects which can be printed on typographical presses. The method used in Austria is described as follows: By means of successive layers of gutta-percha applied to the stone inclosing the petrified fish a mold is obtained, which, being afterwards submitted to the action of a battery, is quickly covered with coatings of copper, forming a plate upon which all of the marks of the fish are reproduced in relief, and which, when printed, gives a result upon the paper identical with the object itself.

Galvanoplastik (Ger.).-Electrotyping.
Galvanotypie (Fr.).-Electrotyping.
Gambaro (Ital.).-A doublet.

Ganar (Sp.).-To gain a line by running back. Gänsefüsschen (Ger.).—Quotation marks. Garamoncino (Ital.).-Bourgeois. This type, which is a little larger than our bourgeois, is much more used in Italy than here.

Garamond (Fr.).-A size of type equal to ten points on Didot's system, or about equal to a small-bodied small pica.

Garamond, Claude, a French type-founder in the sixteenth century, who freed the characters of that nation from all of the Gothic features which they had previously possessed. His influence extended to all of the Latin countries and to Holland, Belgium and England. Francis I., in his anxiety to establish the University of Paris on the best possible foundation, showed special interest in the cultivation of the Greek, Hebrew and Latin languages, and in 1538 ordered the erection of a printingoffice (the predecessor of the government printing-office of to-day) to be devoted to the reproduction of important works in those languages. Garamond, then very famous as a letter-founder, made for this office Roman type after the models of Jenson, and by the advice and assistance of Robert Stephens produced several exquisite fonts of Greek in imitation of the beautiful Greek manuscript of Ange Vergèce, who held the office of king's writer in Greek letters. This type was so beautiful that it rescued France from the discredit of being far surpassed in Greek typography by the publications of the Aldi. The matrixes made by Garamond were taken by Robert Stephens to Geneva in 1551, when he fled from the persecutions

of the Sorbonne, and it is believed that although a royal ordinance of 1541 had ordered him a kingly remuneration for his labors in preparing this type it had never been paid, and that he considered the matrixes of Garamond his own property, the type and punches remaining in the royal printing-office. Paul Stephens, the grandson of Robert, in 1612 pledged these matrixes to the city of Geneva for a loan of fifteen hundred crowns of gold, and they were taken back to Paris in 1621 by Antoine Stephens, son of Paul, and printer to the king and clergy, to be used on an edition of the Greek fathers, they having been obtained from the Genevan government by Louis XIII. for that purpose. Garamond's type was celebrated throughout Europe. He died in 1531.

Garamone (Ital.).-Long primer, or body ten in the Italian series.

Gardiner, Robert S., a printer of Boston, was born in New York on March 6, 1842. He entered the printing

trade in 1857 as a press-feeder and office-boy in the office of the Daily Traveler, Troy, N. Y., and after the war was employed as clerk and salesman by the railway-printing firm of Sanford, Harroun & Co., New York, that house and George Bailey, of Buffalo, being at the time the only concerns in America carrying on the business of printing railway tickets. In 1873 he joined Rand, Avery & Co., of Boston, where he remained until 1883, when by the purchase of its railroad plant by the Rand-Avery Supply Company, which company he then formed, and which he has since controlled as vice-president and manager, there was established one of the largest and most prosperous houses in the country. Mr. Gardiner was one of the original members of the Master Printers' Club of Boston. Garnir (Fr.).-To furnish; to supply.

ROBERT S. GARDINER.

Garniture (Fr.).-Furniture. The kinds of metal furniture most used in France are the Didot, with two side pieces held together by a transverse plate with circular apertures, and the garniture à colonnes, in which bars extend at intervals from side to side.

Garter.-A curved piece of metal, used to hold the spindle of a hand-press in position.

Gas.-Illuminating gas has been in use in London since 1807, and in New York since 1825. Westminster Bridge was illuminated by gas in 1813, and one parish in Westminster lighted its streets with it in 1814. Meters were invented the next year. Morning newspapers, first among printing-offices, employed gas, and between 1835 and 1840 they and theatres in large towns in the United States had passed permanently beyond oil-lamps and candles. In a well-lighted book and job office in this country gas will rarely be required for more than an hour in the morning and two hours in the afternoon; and if there is no regular night work it is not essential to have a gas-burner at each stand. On morning newspapers the compositor should, if possible, have a stand to himself and one gaslight, made so as to swing to either case. Where he only has half a stand each compositor should have a light, with a good shade. The emptying-galley, the copy-desk and the places for the make-up should have an abundance of lights considerably above the heads of the men.

Good ventilation must be provided, as some of the gas is unconsumed, and the oxygen in the air is burned out by the flame. No very accurate tables have ever been made of the cost of gas for a printing-office; it does not vary far, however, from a cent and a half an hour per light with gas at $2.50 per 1,000 feet. On newspapers gas has lately been to some extent superseded by electric lights, the latter being both cooler and brighter. See LIGHT. Gas-Engine.-A very compact machine, taking little pansion of gas by heat to space, which depends upon the explosion or sudden ex

move a piston, as in the steam-engine. This explosion may take place, according to the type of machine, at every outward motion of the piston or every other motion. A certain portion of gas, mixed with atmospheric air, is forced into a hollow chamber and then ignited, either by a hot pin, a revolving jet of flame or some other way. The gas becomes very suddenly increased in volume and drives out the piston. The gas is then extruded, the piston returns on the backward stroke and the process is repeated. The present gas-engines have originated since 1876, but much experimenting was done before that date. It is claimed by the inventors of the various machines that it is far more economical with coal than even a low-pressure Cornish engine, and that there is no possibility of derangement or accident, if cleanliness is observed. It is very compact and noiseless, occupies little floor space, and requires the service of no engineer. When not needed for work the gas can be turned off, and the machine is stopped.

GAS-MACHINE.

Gasse (Ger.).-The alley between two stands at which compositors are working.

Gather Corrections.-To take letters from the case in order and carry them to the stone, there to be substituted for wrong letters in the form.

Gathering.-Gathering of books is to take one sheet from every heap, beginning with the last sheet first, viz., at the left-hand end of the range.-Moxon. We now reverse the heap and place the first signature where they used to place the last; they then gathered, placing each sheet upon the other; we now gather under each sheet, which is a much quicker way.-Savage.

Gathering is also described under BOOKBINDING. The sheets are folded, a variation from the custom of the last century. Gathering-machines are now used, in form like a revolving-table. The circumference is divided into eight, ten or more parts, and upon each of these is a pile of sheets, ready folded. Girls sit around the table, and as it revolves pick one sheet from each pile; thus in one revolution, if there are twelve girls and there are enough piles, twelve complete books are gathered. Under the old plan each girl was in the way of all of the others, when many were employed. The form of construction of this revolving-table is much like that of the carousals in the parks of our great cities. There is a circular railway beneath, of a single rail; the circumference is held up by iron rods which meet at a perpendicular part in the centre, which fits into a socket both at the floor and in the ceiling. The rim is also securely braced across the diameter.

Gathering-Table.-A table upon which the printed sheets of a book are laid, each signature by itself, and in regular relation to those by its sides. "It is usually a

horseshoe table, and the boys gather on the inside, so that when they have completed one gathering they have only to turn around and commence again. When there is space enough in the warehouse it ought to be sufficiently large to hold at least fifteen sheets, with room at the end for the heap and for the knocking-up of each gathering."-Savage.

Gauge.-1. A piece of wood or metal used to determine the length of pages. This should be made up after the matter is set and is ready for the make-up, who is shown a book of the right length, or is told the number of lines, or whatever may be the length of page determined on. He takes a certain portion of matter, which has no notes or cuts, or anything except lines of type and leads, and brings this as near as he can to what he has been shown. The folio must be set, with the line under it, and then the matter ranged below until it fills completely to the mark. There may be a head in long primer, the line below in brevier and the body in small

GAUGE.

pica, leaded, or any other arrangement. Care must be taken in this first made-up page that there is no dirt on the leads, and that no thick or thin leads have taken the place of those of the regular size. It is pushed up compactly and firmly, a piece of reglet being laid by its side. When it is believed to be right a scratch is made across the top of the reglet to correspond to the bottom of the page. The reglet is then taken away, and with a sharp knife a cut is made in it which shows exactly where the page ends. Sometimes gauges are of type metal or of brass. 2. The length of the face of a letter, taken up and down. Thus the gauge of a B is the length of the upright line or body mark. If one letter in a font is smaller than it should be in this way it is said to be small in gauge. 3. In bookbinding, a tool used in finishing the face of which is a line forming the segment of a circle. 4. Pieces of cork glued to the tympan sheets or stuck on with melted roller composition. They are also pieces of pasteboard or card having a tongue cut out and projecting.

Gauge-Pin.-A pin inserted into the tympan sheet, which can be fastened more quickly and certainly than ordinary pins or ducksbills.

GAUGE-PINS.

Gazette.-A name that is frequently applied to a newspaper.

Gazetteer. A geographical dictionary. In some countries an officer appointed by the government to publish a certain class of news in the official organ. It was also once the term for him who prepared the intelligence or the comments for a newspaper.

Ged, William.-The name of the person who is reported to have discovered the art of stereotyping. He was a Scotchman, born in 1690, who learned the trade of a goldsmith, and practiced that art in Edinburgh with success. At that day many goldsmiths were also brokers and bankers, and Ged was no exception. He was brought into relation with the printers by furnishing them with money for their payments, and one day one of them deplored, in his presence, the difficulty of getting type or sorts in that city, there being no type-foundry nearer to them than London, and urged upon him the desirability

of letter-founding. Something that he said caused Ged to consider whether it would not be possible to make a cast from a page of type, thus releasing the characters and securing the use of the page as long as it might be desired. He borrowed from one of the printers some type and began experiments. It was, however, very difficult to find any materials which were at once soft enough to make the mold, while at the same time strong enough to receive another casting. Two years were required to complete the invention. He offered a quarter interest to one of the printers in the town if he would advance sufficient money to establish a stereotype-foundry. This was accepted, and a partnership was formed lasting for two years. Long before this was completed the printer, frightened at the expense of the undertaking, desired to withdraw, and did so when the time had expired, but without supplying all of the money he had agreed upon. A stationer from London, named William Fenner, who was in Edinburgh on a visit, offered to establish a foundry in London for half the profits, which was agreed to. To accept this offer it was necessary for Ged to dispose of his business as a jeweler. He then went to London, but the enterprise proved unsuccessful. Fenner introduced him to Thomas James, the type-founder, and a company was shortly afterwards formed consisting of Ged, Fenner, Thomas James, John James, his brother, and James Ged, the son of the inventor. Thomas James was applied to for type, with which to make experiments, but he supplied that which was old and worthless. Ged then applied to Caslon, who denied the utility of the invention, and asserted that he could, if he chose, make as good plates as Ged. A trial followed in which the Scotchman was successful, and as a result he obtained permission from the University of Cambridge in 1731 to print Bibles and prayer-books by this plan.

This new position was not, however, more successful than the others, for James, the type-founder, was unwilling to see success follow Ged's efforts. He completed two prayer-books, in spite of errors purposely made by the compositors in typesetting and batters on the form by the pressmen. After five years of struggle he gave up the contest. The books, so far as they were done, were suppressed by authority, and the plates were melted up. He returned to Edinburgh and received from his friends sufficient to pay for the stereotyping of a single volume, and having apprenticed his son to a printer he was at length enabled, with the young man's assistance after hours, to produce a copy of Sallust. This was in 1736, after he had been occupied for about eleven years in the attempt. This public proof of his success was not a fine specimen of work, but was well enough done to show that there was really a valuable art behind it. Another book was brought out in 1742. Ged died in 1749. The method used by him was the plaster process, and some knowledge of it was probably obtained by Tilloch, who fifty years afterwards was engaged in attempts at stereotyping.

Gedankenstrich (Ger.).—A hyphen.

Geddes, William F., a printer of Philadelphia, was born near Linden, Franklin County, Pa., in 1798. He was apprenticed to the Harrisburg Journal in his sixteenth year, and in 1825 began publishing in Philadelphia, and continued in that occupation until he retired from active life in 1867. He was during this period the printer of Hazard's Miscellany. At his death, on January 29, 1888, he was the oldest printer in Philadelphia, being then in his ninety-first year.

Gelatine.—A transparent substance obtained by boil ing with water the soft and the solid parts of animals, as the muscles, the skin, the cartilages, bones, tendons, ligaments and membranes, forming in solution when cool a tremulous mass of jelly. Isinglass, glue and size are various forms of gelatine. Its chief use in the printing. office is under the form of GLUE, which see. In practice the distinction which is made between glue and gelatine is that the latter is more refined. It forms the greater

portion of the substance used in copying letters, known as the hektograph. A letter is written in a peculiar ink, the page afterwards being laid down on the pad of gelatine, which takes off all of the surplus ink. The gelatine keeps it on the surface, but does not allow it to spread; and if a fresh sheet of paper is laid upon it a portion of the ink is taken up. Thirty, forty or even fifty copies can be taken in this way. Paper when made up in pads is often glued together at one or two sides. If this is done with gelatine there is a certain degree of elasticity about the pads when new which is lost as they become old. Gelatine is the foundation of many process methods of engraving, depending for this upon its quality of becoming hardened by light. That which is untouched by light is easily washed away by water, an acid or an alkali. From this a cast can be taken or an electrotype, or it can be used to print from without any further manipulation. More than a dozen processes are known, each differing widely from each other. See under PROCESS PRINTING.

Gelatining.-Show-cards in gold and colors are often improved by being gelatined. Procure several tablets of flatted ground glass, cased in wooden frames. A rack should be set up to contain these tablets, which should each have a distinctive number and an allotted place in the rack. The manipulation of the process should be in a room where little or no dust is raised. The framed rack should be built with three-inch strips of wood, like a drying-rack for gumming envelopes, the back part fastened to a smooth wall and the under part or bottom covered with pasteboard. The several compartments in the rack must be made exactly level, and it is best to have this done with a spirit level, so that the requisite horizontal position of the glass tablets should be exact without having recourse to packing up. If this is not done the cov ering of the fluid material will not be altogether equal. The gelatine itself, which is a white glue obtained from bones, as well as the offal of tanners, is obtained in weak, nearly opaque cakes. The Chinese gelatine, which is obtained in the form of folded tubes, and is of a very fine white light substance, of vegetable origin, can only be dissolved in boiling water. Ordinary gelatine is thus treated. It is first broken into small pieces, then put into a clean linen cloth and suspended (still in the cloth) in a basin of water, which is placed in an open crucible and then submitted to the heat of a spirit lamp, by which the gelatine is dissolved by the boiling water and the impure parts remain in the cloth. The quantity of water and gelatine should give a light, easy fluid, to which an equal part of spirits of wine is then added, as without this addition the fluid poured on the glass tablet would soon get cold and spread unequally, while by means of the spirits of wine it levels equally and easily. The most suitable mixture for this is gelatine, two parts; water, five parts; spirits of wine, three parts. But the vessel containing this, after the addition of the spirits of wine, should be covered up, in order that it may not evaporate. It is also necessary that a glass vessel, provided with a measuring scale, such as chemists have, should be used, so that the operator may be enabled to judge how much of this fluid gelatine is necessary for a tablet in order not to get too weak or too strong a cover. Before the pouring out the glass tablet should have a slight coating of oil upon the surface, to keep the gelatine from sticking to the tablet. The subsequent manipulation is conducted as follows: After the requisite quantity of gelatine has been emptied into the graduated glass it is poured, in a semi-warm state, on the slightly oiled glass tablet, where it assumes a syrup-like consistency, and then the tablet is moved gently to and fro, until all parts of it are covered by the fluid. The tablet is then put in its place on the rack, and in a similar manner all of the other tablets are regularly treated. After a quarter of an hour, when all of the fluid mass on the glass tablet begins to get consistent, the picture or ticket which is to be gelatined should be moistened with water on its back, with a sponge, and put

on the gelatine. Any air bubbles which may arise in covering should be pressed out with the hand towards the edges, and care should be taken that the edges of the picture adhere well. In this state the sheets should remain for two or three days, lying on the rack until they are completely dry, when with a blunted or dull knife the surplus gelatine at the edges is cut away, and the card, which now adheres to the gelatine, is taken off the glass tablet. It should be understood that the frame and glass of the used tablets must be carefully cleaned from the adhering gelatine before they are used again.—Southward.

Gem.-A size of type made in England, next smaller than diamond, and next larger than brilliant. It would be about half of a small-bodied bourgeois, or four and a quarter points.

Genealogical Works.-These differ much from other books in their excessive use of abbreviations and peculiar indentations and their employment of capitals, small capitals and Italics. There are many uncommon words, and in this country there is large use of superior figures. The first member of a family who settled in the colonies is given the figure 1, the next 2, the third 3 and so on. Few families have gone beyond seven or eight, and none beyond ten. Thus in a certain family the successive members would be known as John', George, John3, Henry4, Thomas, Joseph', John' and Roberts. By this plan John', who came over from England on the Mayflower or soon after, is distinguished from his grandson John3, and both of them from their descendant John'. Otherwise it is very probable that writers may confound them. Two eminent lawyers of New York, father and son, whose names were William Smith, have often been confounded by writers. Both were lawyers and both held the same offices. It is difficult now to distinguish them, except by saying Smith the historian and Smith the immi grant. But by the numbering plan William Smith' and William Smith2 are very easily identified. In a large work where thousands of names are found this is almost a necessity. Another help is to distinguish them by numbers attached. Thus the first William Smith (973) and the second William Smith (1742) are identified by these figures, although there may be a hundred other William Smiths in the book. Somewhere is the definition as to which Smith is meant. Both of these marks can be used together, if desired. Many abbreviations are used in genealogies, such as æt. for aged; ob., died; m., married; ux., wife; fil., son; and d., died or daughter. Much Latin is found among records of two hundred years ago, and the terms of heraldry, also used, are French. It is a rule in copying old records that they shall be followed as exactly as type will permit, not correcting misspelling, bad grammar, punctuation or other errors. If modernized at all they should be completely modernized. Pedigrees are set as shown under PEDIGREE.

General Bill.-A bill of the amount of work done in a companionship in England upon a certain book. It differs from an individual bill, as it sums up the work of several men.

Gensfleisch.-The family name of John Gutenberg, the inventor of the art of printing. His parents were Frielo Gensfleisch and Else Gutenberg. They had two children, John, the inventor, and Frielo. This latter Frielo was always known as Gensfleisch, but his brother, while generally known as Gutenberg, was occasionally called John Gensfleisch, Jr. A legal document of the city of Strasbourg names him John, called Gensfleisch, alias Gutenberg, of Mentz. The name of Gensfleisch seems always to have been prominent in the civil disturbances of Mentz. The great-great-grandfather of Gutenberg took side with one of the rival archbishops, and in 1332 aided him in burning some convents, for which he was put under ban by the Emperor Louis. In the same year he and other noblemen made themselves so offensive to the burghers that they were obliged to flee for their lives.