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Each individual feeks a fev'ral goal;

But HEAV'N's great view is One, and that the Whole.

That counter-works each folly and caprice;

That disappoints th' effect of ev'ry vice;

240

That, happy frailties to all ranks apply'd;
Shame to the virgin, "to the matron pride,
Fear to the statesman, rashness to the chief,
To kings prefumption, and to crowds belief:
That, Virtue's ends from vanity can raise, 245
Which seeks no int'rest, no reward but praise;
And build on wants, and on defects of mind,
The joy, the peace, the glory of Mankind.
Heav'n forming each on other to depend,
A master, or a fervant, or a friend,

COMMENTARY.

250

VER. 239. That counterworks each folly and caprice;] The mention of this principle, that Self directs Vice and Virtue, and its confequence, which is, that

Each individual feeks a fev'ral goal,

leads the author to obferve

That HEAV'N's great View is One, and that the Whole. And this brings him naturally round again to his main fubject, namely, God's producing good cut of ill, which he prosecutes from 238 to 249.

VER. 249. Heav'n forming each on other to depend,] I. Hitherto the Poet hath been employed in difcourfing of the use of the Paffions, with regard to Society at large; and in freeing bis

Bids each on other for affiftance call,

"Till one Man's weakness grows the strength of all. Wants, frailties, paffions, clofer ftill ally

The common int'reft, or endear the tie.

To these we owe true friendship, love fincere, 255
Each home-felt joy that life inherits here;
Yet from the fame we learn, in its decline,
Those joys, thofe loves, those int'refts to refign;
Taught half by Reason, half by mere decay,
To welcome death, and calmly pafs away.

260

Whate'er the Paffion, knowledge, fame, or pelf, Not one will change his neighbour with himself.

COMMENTARY,

doctrine from objections: This is the first general divifion of the fubject of this epiftle.

II. He comes to fhew (from 248 to 261) the use of these Paffions, with regard to the more confined circle of our Friends, Relations, and Acquaintance: and this is the fecond general divifion.

VER. 261, Whate'er the Paffion, &c.] III. The poet having thus fhewn the use of the Paffions in Society, and in Domestic

NOTES.

VER. 253. Wants, frailties, passions, clofer ftill ally The common int'reft, c.] As thefe lines have been mifunderstood, I fhall give the reader their plain and obvious meaning. To thefe frailties (fays he) we owe all the endearments of private life; yet, when we come to that age, which generally difpofes Men to think more feriously of the true value of things, and confequently of their provifion for a future ftate, the confideration, that the grounds of those joys, loves, and friendships, arę wants, frailties, and paffions, proves the best expedient to wean

The learn'd is happy nature to explore,

The fool is happy that he knows no more;
The rich is happy in the plenty giv'n,

265

The poor contents him with the care of Heav'n.
See the blind beggar dance, the cripple fing,
The fot a hero, lunatic a king;

The starving chemist in his golden views
Supremely bleft, the poet in his Muse.

COMMENTARY.

270

life; he comes, in the laft place (from 260 to the end) to fhew their use to the Individual, even in their illufions; the imaginary happiness they present, helping to make the real miferies of life lefs infupportable: And this is his third general division : -Opinion gilds with varying rays

Thofe painted clouds that beautify our days, &c.
One profpect loft, another still we gain;

And not a vanity is giv'n in vain.

Which must needs vaftly raife our idea of God's goodness, who hath not only provided more than a counter balance of real happiness to human miseries, but hath even, in his infinite compaffion, bestowed on those, who were fo foolish as not to have made this provifion, an imaginary happinefs; that they may not be quite over-borne with the load of human miferies. This is the poet's great and noble thought; as ftrong and folid as it is new

NOTES.

us from the world; a difengagement fo friendly to that provision we are now making for another. The obfervation is new, and would in any place be extremely beautiful, but has here an infinite grace and propriety, as it fo well confirms, by an inftance of great moment, the general thefis, That God makes Ill, at every step, productive of Good.

VER. 270.-the poet in his Mufe.] The author having faid, that no one would change his profeffion or views for thofe of another, intended to carry his obfervation ftill further, and

See fome ftrange comfort ev'ry state attend,
And pride bestow'd on all, a common friend:
See fome fit paffion ev'ry age supply,

Hope travels thro', nor quits us when we die.
Behold the child, by nature's kindly law, 275
Pleas'd with a rattle, tickled with a straw:
Some livelier play-thing gives his youth delight,
A little louder, but as empty quite:

Scarfs, garters, gold, amuse his riper stage,
And beads and pray'r-books are the toys of age;

COMMENTARY.

and ingenious; which teaches, That thefe illufions are the follies of Men, which they willfully fall into, and through their own fault; thereby depriving themselves of much happiness, and expofing themfelves to equal mifery: But that ftill God (according to his univerfal way of working) graciously turns thefe follies fo far to the advantage of his miferable creatures, as to be the prefent folace and fupport of their diftreffes:

-Tho' Man's a fool, yet God is wife.

NOTES.

fhew that Men were unwilling to exchange their own acquirements even for those of the fame kind, confeffedly larger, and infinitely more eminent, in another. To this end he wrote, What partly pleafes, totally will fhock:

I queftion much, if Toland would be Locke.

but wanting another proper inftance of this truth when he publifhed his laft Edition of the Effay, he reserved the lines above for fome following one.

VER. 280. And beads and pray'r-books are the toys of age:] A Satire on what is called in Popery the Opus operatum. As this is a defcription of the circle of human life returning into itfelf by a fecond child-hood, the poet has with great elegance concluded his defcription with the fame image with which he let out,

Pleas'd with this bauble ftill, as that before; 281 'Till tir'd he fleeps, and Life's poor play is o'er. Mean-while Opinion gilds with varying rays Those painted clouds that beautify our days; Each want of happiness by Hope fupply'd, 285 And each vacuity of sense by Pride:

290

These build as fast as knowledge can destroy;
In folly's cup ftill laughs the bubble, joy;
One prospect loft, another still we gain;
And not a vanity is giv'n in vain;
Ev'n mean Self-love becomes, by force divine,
The scale to measure others wants by thine.
See! and confefs, one comfort ftill must rife;
'Tis this, Tho' Man's a fool, yet GOD IS WISE.

NOTES.

VER. 286. And each vacuity of fenfe by Pride:] An eminent Cafuift, Father Francis Garaffe, in his Somme Theologique, has drawn a very charitable conclufion from this principle." Se"lon la Juftice (fays this equitable Divine) tout travail hon"nête doit être recompenfé de loüange ou de fatisfaction. "Quand les bons efprits font un ouvrage excellent, ils font "justement recompenfez par les fuffrages du Public. Quand "un pauvre efprit travaille beaucoup, pour fair un mauvais "ouvrage, il n'eft pas jufte ni raifonable, qu'il attende des "loüanges publiques: car elles ne lui font pas duës. Mais "afin que fes travaux ne demeurent pas fans recompenfe, Dieu "lui donne une fatisfaction perfonelle, que perfonne ne lui "peut envier fans une injuftice plus que barbare; tout ainfi que Dieu, qui eft jufte, donne de la fatisfaction aux Grenouilles de leur chant. Autrement la blâme public, joint à leur "mécontentement, feroit fuffifant pour les réduire au defefpoir."

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