courage. 5. They followed rapidly. 6. They followed with rapidity. 7. Rip Van Winkle started homeward. 8. He started toward home. What words in the second sentence give the same idea that is given by the word brave in the first? What part of speech is the word brave? Why? Of bravery is used, then, as what part of speech? What kind of modifier is it?

What word in sentence 3 means the same as of courage in sentence 4? In what way are they both used?

In sentence 6 what group of words have the same use as rapidly in sentence 5? What part of speech is rapidly? Why? What kind of modifier is with rapidity?

What word in sentence 7 and what group of words in sentence 8 are both adverbial modifiers ? Is there any difference in their meaning?

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Kind acts acts of kindness; daily work work of the day; country people = people from the country. Notice that the adjective kind has been changed to a group of words composed of a noun (kindness) and an introducing word (of). The adjective daily has been changed to a group of words consisting of day with its modifier the and an introducing word (of). Why is country an adjective in the expression country people and a noun in the group of words from the country?

In similar manner explain the changing of the adjectives in boldfaced type: city people = people from the city; picture book = book with pictures; village smithy = smithy of the village.

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kindly with kindness; truthfully with truth; painfully = in a painful manner; dully with dullness; jokingly = in a joking way. Explain the changes made here as you did with the adjectives.

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He walked with me. Did he go with you? We have heard about them. The men behind the guns won the battle for us. You with the tickets may pass through the gates. They on the upper deck were saved with us.

Notice that in the group of words with me the principal word is not a noun. What is it? What is the introducing word? Name the principal word, telling whether it is a noun or a pronoun, and the

introducing word of each of the other groups. If the principal word has a modifier, name it. Thus with the tickets. The principal word is the noun tickets, which is modified by the adjective the and introduced by with.

Groups of words formed in this way of a noun or a pronoun with an introducing word like of, to, with, etc., are called phrases. A phrase used as an adjective is called an adjective phrase. A phrase used as an adverb is called an adverbial phrase.

Classify the following phrases according to their use, as adverbial or adjective. Also, separate each phrase into its parts, principal word (noun or pronoun), modifiers of principal word, and introducing word.

A Narrow Escape was written by Charles Reade. The nest of the swan was seen by Ellie. Ichabod Crane was driven away by the Headless Horseman. I stood in the forest primeval. The little brown hands of the children gathered berries for us.

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THE HEADLESS HORSEMAN

[This is a part of another of Irving's charming stories of old Dutch times. Ichabod was a long, lean, and odd-looking Yankee schoolmaster, who had been courting a pretty Dutch girl in Tarrytown, just above New York on the Hudson, and this is how one of his rivals manages to get rid of him. You will like to read the whole story.]

It was the very witching time of night that Ichabod, heavy-hearted and crestfallen, pursued his travel homewards, along the sides of the lofty hills which rise above Tarrytown, and which he had crossed so cheerily in the afternoon. The hour was as dismal as himself. Far 5

below him the Tappan Zee spread its dusky and indistinct waste of waters, with here and there the tall mast of a sloop riding quietly at anchor under the land. In the dead hush of midnight he could even hear the barking of the watchdog from the opposite shore of the Hudson; 5 but it was so vague and faint as only to give an idea of his distance from this faithful companion of man. Now and then, too, the long-drawn crowing of a cock, accidentally awakened, would sound far, far off, from some farmhouse away among the hills- but it was like a 10 dreaming sound in his ear. No signs of life occurred near him, but occasionally the melancholy chirp of a cricket, or perhaps the guttural twang of a bullfrog from a neighboring marsh, as if sleeping uncomfortably, and turning suddenly in his bed.

15

All the stories of ghosts and goblins that he had heard in the afternoon now came crowding upon his recollection. The night grew darker and darker; the stars seemed to sink deeper in the sky, and driving clouds occasionally hid them from his sight. He had never felt so lonely 20 and dismal. He was, moreover, approaching the very place where many of the scenes of the ghost-stories had been laid. In the center of the road stood an enormous tulip tree, which towered like a giant above all the other trees of the neighborhood, and formed a kind of land-25 mark. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large enough to form trunks for ordinary trees, twisting down

almost to the earth, and rising again into the air. It was connected with the tragical story of the unfortunate André, who had been taken prisoner hard by; and was universally known by the name of Major André's tree. 5 The common people regarded it with a mixture of respect and superstition, partly out of sympathy for the fate of its ill-starred namesake, and partly from the tales of strange sights and doleful lamentations told concerning it.

As Ichabod approached this fearful tree, he began to 10 whistle he thought his whistle was answered, — it was but a blast sweeping sharply through the dry branches. As he approached a little nearer he thought he saw something white, hanging in the midst of the tree, - he paused and ceased whistling; but on looking more nar15 rowly, perceived that it was a place where the tree had been scathed by lightning, and the white wood laid bare. Suddenly he heard a groan, his teeth chattered and his knees smote against the saddle: it was but the rubbing of one huge bough upon another, as they were swayed about 20 by the breeze. He passed the tree in safety, but new perils lay before him.

A

About two hundred yards from the tree a small brook crossed the road, and ran into a marshy and thickly wooded glen, known by the name of Wiley's swamp. 25 few rough logs, laid side by side, served for a bridge over this stream. On that side of the road where the brook entered the wood, a group of oaks and chestnuts, matted