Demonstrative adjectives include words like yonder, former, latter, which serve also to point out direction or position.

In the following, which are demonstrative pronouns? Which are demonstrative adjectives?

That is Washington.

Yonder man is the Father of his Country.

The latter opportunity is the better.

These people trust in him.

Those trees sheltered him.

These are his.

Interrogative Adjectives. You must also be careful not to confuse which and what, the interrogative pronouns, with the same words used as adjective modifiers:

Which is it? (interrogative pronoun).
Which tree is it? (adjective modifier).
What is it? (interrogative pronoun).
What time is it? (adjective modifier).

Which and what, when used as adjective modifiers, are called interrogative adjectives.

It is, then, the demonstrative pronoun and the interrogative pronoun that you are apt to confuse with the demonstrative adjective and the interrogative adjective. You will avoid this danger if you will always carefully consider the use of the word. When used. as an adjective modifier, the word is classed as an adjective; when used by itself, taking the place of the noun, it is a pronoun.

89

CONCORD HYMN

By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,

And fired the shot heard round the world.

The foe long since in silence slept;
Alike the conqueror silent sleeps;

And Time the ruined bridge has swept

Down the dark stream which seaward creeps.

On this green bank, by

this soft stream,

We set to-day a votive

stone;

That memory may their deed redeem,

When, like our sires,

our sons are gone.

Spirit, that made those heroes dare

To die or leave their

children free,

Bid Time and Nature

gently spare

The shaft we raise to them and thee.

- RALPH WALDO EMERSON.

embattled, in battle array; votive, made or offered with a vow; redeem, bring back, save (from being forgotten).

This poem was written to celebrate the erection of the monument which marks the spot at which the Battle of Concord was fought, at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, April 19, 1775.

Stanza 1. The skirmish took place on the bridge which crossed the Concord River. Explain verse 4. Stanza 2. Notice in what way the poet has made you aware of the long time that had passed.

What was

Then who is

Stanza 3. Give the reason for erecting the monument. it? Stanza 4. For what did those heroes dare to die? the spirit addressed here? Explain verses 3-4. Learn this poem.

Spelling. Unfurled, votive, redeem, embattled.

Word Study.

Analyze the words unfurled and seaward.

Composition. Imagine yourself a boy or girl living at Concord, Massachusetts, in the year 1775. Write a letter to a friend, telling about the Concord fight, in which your father took part. Date your letter April 23, 1775. How many days after the fight was this? Before writing, read carefully the account of the battle given in your history. You will be obliged to think carefully of the way people lived at that time. Would it be correct to speak of the telegraph? of the electric light? How did people travel then? Would a boy or a girl of that day dress exactly as you do now? Try in your letter to give some idea of the time by referring to the manners and customs of the period.

90

THE MEN BEHIND THE TIMES

THE years 1811 and 1812 were remarkable ones in the annals of the whaling industry; vessels that had been cruising for months unrewarded managed to fill their holds, and now, deep laden, they were returning from the whaling grounds, singly or often in companies of a half- 5 score or more. They were ugly vessels, broad and clumsy. They smelled of blubber and whale oil, and they oozed in the warm sun as they labored southward, out of the realms of ice and night into the rolling waters of the Pacific. They buffeted the tempestuous weather of Cape 10

Horn and climbed slowly northward along the coasts of the Western Hemisphere.

Sailing together homeward bound for New England in the fall of the year was a fleet of these Arctic whalers5 no matter their exact number or their destinations. For the beginning, let it suffice that the vessel farthest to the west was the good ship Blazing Star of New Bedford.

Captain Ezra Steele, her skipper, had all the sail that she could carry crowded on the stiff, stubby yards 10 of his vessel. He was anxious to get home again, but the wind had been baffling for some days, hauling about first one way, then another. Now, however, they were getting well to the north, and the continued mildness of the air showed that probably they had entered the 15 waters of the Gulf Stream. The captain was dressed in a long-tailed coat and yellow cloth breeches thrust into heavy cowhide boots that had become almost pulpy from constant soaking in the sperm oil. He noiselessly paced the deck, now and then looking over the side to 20 see how she was going.

The old Blazing Star creaked ahead with about the same motion and general noise that an ox cart makes when swaying down a hill. From the quarter-deck eight or ten other vessels, every one lumbering along under a 25 press of stained and much-patched canvas, could be seen, and a few were almost within hailing distance. All were deep laden; every one had been successful.

"Waal," said the Captain to himself, "if this wind holds as 'tis, we'll make Bedford light together in about three weeks."

The nearest vessel to the Blazing Star was the old Elijah Mason. Her present captain, Samuel Tobin Dewey, 5 was a bosom friend of Captain Steele. As Captain Ezra turned the side, he saw that they were lowering a boat from the Elijah Mason, and that a thick, short figure was clambering down to it. So he stepped to the skylight, and, leaning over, shouted into the cabin.

"Hey, Amos!" he called, "Captain Dewey's comin' over to take dinner with us. Tell that lazy Portugee to make some puddin' and tell him to get some dinner ready for the crew. We'll keep 'em here for comp'ny for our lads."

10

15

In a few minutes he had welcomed Captain Dewey, who, although almost old enough to remember when his ship had made her maiden voyage, was ruddy and stout in his timbers and keen of voice and eye. But by the time that a man has been three years cooped up in one 20 vessel, his conversational powers are about at their lowest ebb; every one knows all the other's favorite yarns by heart, and so the greeting was short and the conversation in the cabin of the Blazing Star was limited. It was with a feeling of relief that the captains heard the news 25 brought to them by a red-headed, unshaven boy of seventeen, that there was a strange sail in sight to the north