not refer the verb and the substantive to each other; and Junius, in the next article to Hare, which is HARE-brained, seems to doubt, whether this expression and the phrase As mad as a March HARE,' do not belong to the Teutonic Hader, Haer, Lis, contentio. We may perceive, by these phrases, that the idea of the HARE is connected with the sense of HURRY, in its more intensive meaning of Agitation-Trepidation. Skinner refers HARE-brained to the verb To Hare.'-The Arabic term, to which Skinner has alluded as the name of a Hare, is, I believe, j Ajooz, to which Mr. Richardson has affixed sixty-seven meanings, all apparently different from each other. I have produced this word on a former

occasion.

The ancient French word HARO, which denotes A Hue ' and Cry, to beg assistance,' belongs to these words HARRIE and HARROW, &c., and denotes the Noise made under circumstances of violent Disturbance-Agitation, the cry which is to HARRY up-to Raise and alarm the Country. The Etymologists produce terms denoting a Cry, as Hareet, Clamat, Haremees, Clamamus, Haren, Crier, which belong to the same idea.-The word Herald, Facialis, caduceator, and its parallel terms Herault, Heraut, (Fr.) Araldo, (Ital.) Heraldo, (Span.) Herold, (Teut.) have been derived by the Etymologists from the Saxon Here, Exercitus, and Held, Heros,-from the Belgic Herr-Alt, Senator seu Senior Exercitûs,-from Here, Exercitus, and Ald, Servus, or from Haren, Crier, and Alt, Nobilis, q. d. Præco Nobilis ;-"Vox Fran"cica et primigenia est, Hero vel Haro, Gloss. Boxh. Fora-Haro, Præco," says Wachter. The Reader must form his own judgment on the matter. I cannot find, in the French Etymologists, who have been most ample on this subject, that the original nature of the office is sufficiently understood. Whatever be the origin of this word, we must refer to it the familiar Saxon name Harold.

The

The succeeding word in Junius to Harrie and Harrow, is HARSH, which we shall understand to belong to the metaphor of the HERSE or Harrow. The Etymologists produce the Danish Harsh, Rancidus; the Belgic Heersch, Imperiosus; the Islandic Herskar, Severus, sævus, nocens; the Spanish Arisco, Asper; the Flemish Hersch, and the Saxon Has, Raucus. All these terms belong to the same idea. Skinner derives HARSH from Herbisch, Subasper, or from the Welsh Garro, Asper; and Junius seems to refer it to Barsch, (Belg.) Burrasca, (Ital.) &c. Meric Casaubon derives it from Engos, siccus. HARD is, I believe, only another form of HARSH. We might have supposed, that HARD was derived from the EARTH, under the idea of the Solid Dirt; yet I imagine, on duly considering the words connected with HARD, that it must be referred to the train of ideas now before us. The Etymologists refer us to the parallel terms to be found in other Languages, as the Saxon Heard, the Gothic Hardu, the Danish Haard, the Belgic Herd, the German Hart, the Runic Hard, which they derive from the Latin Arduus, or the Greek Kagregos. Skinner, however, adds, "Mallem ab a priv. et gew, q. d. Aguros, quæ enim dura sunt non diffluunt. Sed nec huic pro "Etimo fido." The Saxon HEARD seems to be employed in its original sense in the compound HEARD-Heawa, Scalprum, the Sharp or HARD-Hewer. In German, HART signifies HARD or 'Solid,' as in English; yet my Lexicographer explains HARTE Kälte by "a Sharp, Severe, Biting, Nipping, Searching, Tickling Cold;" where terms are employed, which lead us to the Metaphor which I have supposed. He explains, likewise, “HART mit einem verfahren, "To treat one HARDly, HARSHly, roughly, sharply," &c. In short, we cannot doubt that HARSH and HARD belong to each other; and in HARSH, we see the true-original idea, without the notion of Solidity. In the column preceding that in my German Dictionary, where HARSCH and HART are found, we have HARKE, "a Rake,"

"a Rake," and HARKen, "To rake, or HARROW." In the same column we have HASсHen, "To catch, cage, attack, apprehend, lay hold on;" where, in the explanatory word Catch, we see the idea of Vellication, Plucking up or away,' which I have supposed to be attached to this race of words. I shall shew in another place, that Carpo and Capio belong to Scrape. In the same column we have HARZ, "Hard Rosin," as my Lexicographer explains it; where HARZ belongs to HART, HARD, Solid.

The English word HARDY, " Audax, animosus," &c., and its parallel terms, must be referred to this race of words, which denote Impetuous motion-Turbulence and Violence of action. In the phrase Fool-HARDY, we see the term in its strong sense. The Etymologists record the parallel words, as the French Hardi, the Italian Ardito, the Runic Ardur, and the Greek Ardalous, Agdaλous, which Hesychius interprets by Emaious. Skinner derives HARDY, &c. from the Latin Ardeo. The French Etymologists refer HARDI to the German Hart; and Wachter, the German Etymologist, gives us the same derivation, and reminds his Readers of the Welsh Hydr, which, as he says, "non solum fortem et stre

nuum, sed etiam Audacem significat." Mr. Richards explains the Welsh HYDR by "Bold, stout, strong, valiant." Again, in Welsh we have Hyder, «Trust, confidence, boldness.' HYDERU, "To be bold, to trust, to rely upon," and HYDERUS," Undaunted, "bold, confident." Let us note, as we pass on, the Latin AuDax, where the r of our Element rD is lost, which must be referred to the same idea.-The Latin ARDeo is another term, denoting a state of Agitation or Irritation. The English Hot and the Latin ÆsTuo are derived from the same idea, and belong to the Radical rT, when the r has disappeared. Among other senses of ARDEO, in the ordinary Lexicons, we have "To be Tormented, Troubled.— Podagræ doloribus AR Dere." I shall shew, that Trouble belongs to Turba-the Agitated Dirt of the Turf or Ground; and

the

the first sense of its parallel French term Troubler in Deletanville's Dictionary, now before me, is "To Trouble, to defile, to make thick or Muddy." The Etymologists derive ARDEO from Aridus and Areo. The id in Aridus seems to be only the addition for the adjective form from AREO, which belongs to the ERA, (Ega,) the Ground. Ardelio, the Busybody, is rightly derived from Ardeo, "quod Ardore quodam omnia occipiat, nihil peragat.”

With respect to the adjacent term Ardea; we cannot, I think, doubt, that ARDea, and the Greek ERODios, (Egwdios, Ardea,) belong to each other. The Etymologists derive Ardea from Arduus, quod volando Ardua petat." Bochart thinks, that Epwdios is quasi Ελωδιος, σε φιληδει γαρ τοις Ελώδεσι τοποις, Locis enim palustribus "delectatur." (Hieroz. Pars Poster. Lib. ii. c. 28. §. 1.) By some, this bird is considered as an angry-Irritable bird; and hence, as it is supposed, the Hebrew name Anapha is derived, quod facile ad iram concitetur.' Under this notion, ARDea and ERODios, (Egwdios,) might mean the same as ARDEO. Perhaps, however, this bird may be so called, because it delights in places abounding with Mud or EARTH. It is called Tarabusco, or Tarrabusa, says Martinius, " quasi Terram perforans. Rostro enim "inserto palustri terræ vocem edit horribilem." To confirm this,

I must add, that in Austria, as the same Writer observes, it is called ERDbull, " quod Terræ inserto rostro sonet." The ERD in ERDbull brings us at once to the spot, supposed in my Hypothesis, and to the AR Dea, and ERODios, (Egwdios.) Many think, that Heron, Hern, &c., with their parallel terms, are derived from ERODIOS, (Egwudios.) Heron, Hern, &c. belong, I believe, to Arundo, because these birds delight in places abounding with Reeds. Martinius derives some of the names of this bird from Rohr, a Reed.

An adjacent word to ERODios, (Egwdios,) in the Greek Dictionaries, is EROTao, (Egwraw, Interrogo, rogo,) which means

literally

literally To EARTH'-or, if we refer it to the form of the Element ^R, 'TO ERA,' (Egα, Eqα.) Most of the terms which signify to Enquire-Search-Ask, are derived from the idea of Routing into Dirt. Scrutor, To Scrutinise, is taken, we know, from Scruta, Eruere ;-Rimor, To Search, means to Rout into Chinks, Crevices, &c., and belongs to the Metaphor of Rimari Terram rastris. Ask is attached to our Element ^rS, ^rT, ^S, ^T. The Os, Ot, in ER}os, Ot-os, (Epws, Euros,) are terminations only, derived from the analogy of the Language; and this would induce us to refer ER=otao, (Egwraw,) to the Radical form ^R, as in ERao, (Egaw.) The term EReo, (Epew, Interrogo,) must be added to these words, when the sound of r is lost. Another Greek word for Enquire or Search, is derived from Seeking for Metals, Metalleuo, To Metal, if I may so express it, To Search for Metals, by Digging into the Earth, (MeTaλλeuw, Metalla Eruo;-Scrutor et Investigo, Meraλλaw, Scrutor.) I shall shew, that Search and Scrutor belong to Scratch, and that they are all derived from operations on the Creat, (Celtic,) the Ground. I shall shew, moreover, that Rogo belongs to Rout, under the form RG, with the breathing after the R; unless we suppose, that in the original form, the breathing was before the R, as in the Saxon HRU Tan, To 'ROUT; Stertere, Ronchisare,

In the same opening of my Dictionary, in which EROTαo, (Epwraw,) is, we have ERROOS, (Eggwos, Aper, Aries,) which means the Router, under another idea, as relating to a Violent action of Annoyance. The term directly adjacent to EROTаo, (Egwraw,) is EROS, EROTOS, (Epws, wros, Amor; quo Prosequimur aliquem,) which belongs, as we have seen, to the idea of Searching after-Longing for, &c. &c., and is directly attached to ERAO, (Egaw, Amo, Amore Prosequor,) derived from the form ERA, (Epa, Terra.) Let us mark the explanatory Latin term Prosequor, in the phrase Amore Prosequi, and remember another

mode