ground for considerable doubt as to whether Europeans without the help of the horse and the ox would have advanced much farther than the Indians had when Columbus discovered America. EXPLORERS AND DISCOVERERS EXPLORERS FOR SPAIN COLUMBUS. I. REFERENCES. Higginson's Young Folks, pp. 25-30; Wright's American History, pp. 27-60; Anderson, pp. 19-27; Montgomery, pp. 1-18; Ellis, I., pp. 7-14; Scudder, pp. 10-22; Eggleston's United States, pp. 1-12; Eggleston's First Book, pp. 1-18; Classic Readings, No. 1; Pratt and Carver's Our Fatherland, I., pp. 13-30; Richardson, pp. 28-32; Butterworth, pp. 30-36; Monroe, pp. 9-28; Gilman, I., pp. 27-71; Pratt, I., pp. 13-25; Eggleston's Household United States, pp. 1-8; Dodge's Stories of American History, pp. 9–17. II. SPECIAL TOPICS. Common Belief about Shape of the Earth, Higginson's Young Folks, pp. 32, 33; Early Days of Columbus, Richardson, pp. 26, 27; Return to Spain, Sheldon-Barnes, p. 26; The Two Motives of Columbus, Montgomery, pp. 5, 6; Last Days of Columbus, Wright's American History, pp. 57-59; The Story of America's Name, Butterworth, pp. 45-50, Montgomery, pp. 20, 21; The Sagas of the North, Sheldon-Barnes, pp. 6-9. III. OUTSIDE READINGS. History: Discovery of San Salvador, Coffin's Old Times in the Colonies, pp. 14-36; Columbus and the Discovery of America, Wright's American History, pp. 38–60; Discovery of America by Columbus, Classic Readings, No. 1; Europe Before the Discovery of America, Scudder, pp. 1-6; Spain and Portugal, Scudder, pp. 6-10; Legends of the Northmen and Columbus and His Companions, Higginson's Young Folks' Series, No. 1; The Northmen, Bryant, I., pp. 25–63; Discovery of America by the Northmen, Morris's Half Hours, I., pp. 22–28; Eggleston's First Book, pp. 1-18; Johonnot's Ten Great Events, chap. v.; The Visit of the Vikings, Higginson's United States, pp. 27-51; The Northmen, Drake's New England Legends, pp. 393-444; The Legends of the Northmen, Higginson's Young Folks, pp. 3-15; Columbus and His Companions, Higginson's Young Folks, pp. 1952; Columbus, Ellis, I., pp. 7–30; Columbus, His Predecessors and His Immediate Successors, D'Anvers's Heroes of American Discovery, pp. 7-29. Biography: Irving's Columbus; Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella; Winsor's Columbus; Fiske's Discovery of America; Towle's Heroes (Marco Polo); Towle's Heroes (Vasco Da Gama). Poetry: Columbus, Lowell; The Norsemen, Whittier; The White Man's Foot, chap. xxi. in the Song of Hiawatha, Longfellow; The Skeleton in Armor, Longfellow; Vinland, Montgomery (Pratt, I.). Readings in Contemporaneous History: Montgomery's English History (Henry VII.), pp. 179–187; Yonge's History of England (Henry VII.), pp. 196–205; Guest's Handbook of English History (Henry VII.), pp. 374-383. IV. SUGGESTIVE NOTES. At the close of the fifteenth century Spain and Portugal were the great naval powers of the world, and, in accordance with a bull of Pope Alexander VI., issued in 1493, "they had divided between them the heathen world from pole to pole." In this division the Americas fell to the lot of Spain. The pupils cannot understand the significance of the navigating expeditions of this period unless they know something definite of the relations one to another of Spain, Portugal, Holland, and England. Pupils should especially note the condition of affairs in the reign of Henry VII. Justin Winsor's "Christopher Columbus" is one of the latest and best books on the life and work of the distinguished navigator. This book will tend to revolutionize the traditional views held of Columbus and his work. It is very severe in its criticisms of him. Fiske's "Discovery of America," also, is an excellent book for teachers. We have not thought it best to assign for general recitation any topics on the Northmen, but we call the pupil's attention to the Northmen by special topics and outside readings. No doubt a few of an average class will be ready to do some collateral reading on a subject that is far more interesting than important. DE LEON AND FLORIDA I. REFERENCES. Montgomery, pp. 24, 25; Anderson, pp. 29-31; Richardson, pp. 37, 38; Wright's American History, pp. 71– 84; Bryant, I., pp. 146-148; Johonnot's Stories of Our Country, pp. 7-9. II. SPECIAL TOPICS. Balboa and the Pacific, Anderson, pp. 31, 32; The Fair God, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 60, 61 ; Public Couriers, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 43-45; Montezuma's Manner of Life, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 120, 121. III. OUTSIDE READINGS. History: Balboa and the Pacific: Bryant, I., pp. 142– 146; Morris's Half Hours, I., pp. 61-69; Montgomery, pp. 25, 26; Richardson, pp. 39-41; Cortez and Montezuma: Mythology of Aztecs, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 5-10, 43, 45; Funeral Ceremonies, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 65-67; Human Sacrifices and Cannibalism, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 77– 87; Early Life of Cortez, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 230-240; Weakness and Superstition of Montezuma, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, I., pp. 308-320; Montezuma and His Reception of Cortez, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 69-83; Montezuma's Manner of Life, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 118–127; Cortez seizes Montezuma, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 152-167; Desperate Fighting in Streets of Mexico, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 291-329; Montezuma dies, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 331-335; The Melancholy Night, Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, II., pp. 345-359; Eggleston's Montezuma; De Leon, Winsor's History of America, II., pp. 232-246; Cortez and His Companions, Winsor's History of America, II., pp. 349396. Fiction: By Right of Conquest, Henty; The Fair God, Wallace. IV. SUGGESTIVE NOTES. Besides Columbus, only the Spanish explorers of North America De Leon, Narvaez, and Cabeza De Vaca, and De Soto - should be studied. The adventures of Balboa, Cortez, and Pizarro are highly romantic and picturesque, but the characters are not sufficiently important to consume much time in the recitation room. Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico," and his "Conquest of Peru" should be read far more than they are by the young people of to-day. These books are real classics, and contain much valuable history bearing on the Spanish conquests and |