it connects Socrates and Plato, according to Rule XI. (Be peat it.) 3. "Wisdom is better than riches." Than.. is a conjunction (why?); subordinate, because it connects dis similar elements; it connects the proposition than riches (27 with better, according to Rule XVI. 4. "We must either obey or be punished." (Repeat it.) Either.. is a coördinate conjunction (alternative), used to awaken expes tation of an additional element, and also to introduce it wa emphasis. Or.... is a coördinate conjunction (alternative), and with its correlativ either is used to connect the predicate must be punished wit must obey. Rule XI. (Repeat it.) 5. "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him.” Though. is a subordinate conjunction (adversative), used to awaken er pectation of an additional idea. Yet ... is a subordinate conjunction (adversative), and with its correa tive though is used to connect the subordinate clause, "he say me," with the principal one, "will I trust in him," according to Rule XVI. 6. Tell which of the following connectives are coördinate, and which a subordinate: The pen and ink are poor. The horse and the rider were plunged int the water. If you come, I shall have the work in readiness. When the million applaud, seriously ask yourself what harm you have done. H knew that he had disobeyed instructions. That which cannot be cure must be endured. Take heed lest ye fall. 7. Parse the cONJUNCTIONS, ADJECTIVES, and VERBS, in the following examples: It is to the Union that we owe our safety at home, and our considera tion and dignity abroad. Every year of its duration has teemed wi fresh proof of its utility and its blessings; and, although our territory has stretched out wider and wider, and our population spread furthe and further, they have not outrun its protection or its benefits.- Welstr In a word, point us to the loveliest and happiest neighborhood in the world on which we dwell,-and we tell you that our object is, to render this whole earth, with all its nations, and kindreds, and tongues, and people, as happy as, nay, happier than such a neighborhood.-Wayland Models for parsing. Thy Hector, wrapped in everlasting sleep, 'Twas but a kindred sound to move, For pity melts the heart to love.-Dryden. INTERJECTIONS. 145. Definition. An interjection is a word used to express some strong or len emotion of the mind. friend." "Alas! I then have chid away As the interjection is not the sign of an idea, but merely an ession of emotion, it cannot have any definable signification, or nmatical construction; but as it is of frequent use in colloquial and issioned discourse, it should not be omitted in parsing. "Interjection" is derived from the Latin word "interjectus”— wn between, that is, between the parts of the sentence; but it is often ed at the beginning, or at the end of a sentence. . The most common interjections are, hey, hurra, huzza, expressing or exultation; aha, hah, ah, expressing surprise; ho, lo, halloo, hem, ing attention; fie, pshaw, pugh, tush, foh, expressing aversion or conpt; alas, woe, alack, O, expressing sorrow, grief, or compassion; , hush, mum, expressing a wish for silence; heigh-ho, heigh-ho-hum, ressing languor; ha, ha, he, he, expressing laughter. . Some words used as interjections may be parsed as verbs, nouns, adjectives; as in the sentence "Strange! cried I." Strange is an ective, and the expression is equivalent to "it is strange ;" and in sentence," Behold! how well he bears misfortune's frowns!" behold a verb in the imperative, equivalent to behold ye. 146. Exercise. 1. Outline for parsing an interjection :— To parse an interjection, tell, (1.) What part of speech, and why? 2. "Hark! they whisper." ark. is an interjection (why ?); it is used independently. Rule X. 3. Parse all the words in the following examples :— Oh! say what mystic spell is that which so blinds us to the suffer Interjections. Its derivation. The most common interjections. InterjecOns used as verbs, &c. ings of our brethren, -which deafens our ear to the voice of bleeding humanity, when it is aggravated by the shriek of dying thousands.Chalmers. Woe worth the chase! woe worth the day! Oh, now you weep; and I perceive you feel Kind souls! What! weep you when you but behold Here is himself, marred as you see, with traitors.-Shakspeare. Hail! holy light, offspring of heaven first born, Philosophy consists not In airy schemes or idle speculations; SYNTAX. 147. Definitions and Distinctions. 1. SYNTAX treats of the construction of sentences. 2. A sentence is a thought expressed in words; as, "Socrates as unmoved when the sentence of death was pronounced against im." 3. Thus, it appears that a sentence (Lat. "sententia," a thought) cludes a thought and its expression. A thought consists of related ideas, n expression of related words; and, if every idea were expressed by a orresponding word, a sentence would be correctly analyzed by reducing to its separate words. Thus, in the sentence,- "Peter wept bitterly," r (analyzed), "Peter-wept-bitterly," the three ideas-the person, hat he did, and how he did it, are expressed by as many words; but in he sentence above-"Socrates-was unmoved--when the sentence of death was pronounced against him,"-three full ideas are expressed by welve words. 4. In analyzing a sentence, therefore, we must be governed either by ts ideas, and, of necessity, group all words employed to express a single dea,—or, by its words, and thus, in many cases, lose sight of an insepacable idea by reducing its expression to single words. Thus, in the example above (3.) the element of time is expressed by a group containing nine words; yet, to one who should not first consider the group as a whole, but take its words separately, the idea of time would scarcely be suggested. In the one case, the sentence is considered logically,—in the other grammatically. 5. Each word, however, has its office, being used either alone, or as part of a group to express an element of the thought. A system of syntax, to be complete, should, therefore, treat of the sentence, (1.) as a whole, —an expression of the thought; (2.) as a combination of words—or groups of words,-expressions of ideas or elements of the thought; and (3.) as an assemblage of mere words, each performing its peculiar office in forming the component parts of the structure. Hence, the subject is naturally divided into syntax of sentences, syntax of elements, and syntax of words. Syntax. A sentence. Thought and its expression. Ideas and words. Analysis based upon ideas-upon words. Office of single words. Syntax of sentences, of elements, of words. SYNTAX OF SENTENCES. 148. Sentences classified by their use as a whole. 1. All sentences, considered as a whole, are either (a.) DECLARATIVE; as, The truth will prevail " 66 (b.) INTERROGATIVE, as, Wilt thou be made whole?" (c.) IMPERATIVE, as, "Put up thy sword into the sheath;" or (d.) EXCLAMATORY; as, "How art thou fallen!" 2. A declarative sentence is used to declare something either as real and absolute, or as possible, probable, obligatory, or necessary; as, "I have found favor in the sight of the king;" “I' may rain;""We should pay our debts;" "The work must le done." 3. The declarative sentence forms the main body of every species of composition; it is that form of the sentence which is recognised by logicians as a proposition. It may take either the positive or the negative form; its mode may be either indicative or potential (89, 10, 11). 4. The interrogative sentence is one which asks a question; "Doth my father yet live?" as, 5. Interrogative sentences are used (a.) To obtain information; as, "Where are those mine enemies?" (b.) To gain the assent of others; as, "Doth God pervert judgment?” 6. The latter are called questions of appeal, and are used with a negative when the speaker expects an affirmative answer; as, "Hath he said it, and will he not do it?" without a negative when he expects a negative answer; as, "Can a mother forget her child?" Such sentences imply a strong affirmation or negation, and, hence, when converted into declarative sentences, the foregoing rule should be reversed: as, "God doth not pervert judgment." "He hath said it, and he w do it." 7. Interrogative sentences may take either of two forms;(a.) They may be formed without an interrogative word; as, WIH you ride to town to-day?" or, (b.) They may be introduced by one of the interrogatives, who, which, what, where, when, why, how, &c. (73, 2, 5). 8. The former are called direct, -are answered by yes or no, and are generally uttered with the rising inflection at the close. 9. The latter are called indirect,-are answered by some part of a declarative sentence called the responsive or answer; as, Who is walk Sentences classified. indirect questions. 66 Declarative and interrogative sentences. Direct and |